Hunting pressure on primates in the southern portion of the Brazilian Northeast: historical threats and current perspectives

Raone Beltrao-Mendes; André Chein Alonso; Eduardo Marques; Rodrigo Cambará Printes; Leandro Jerusalinsky; Stephen Francis Ferrari

doi:10.15451/ec2024-08-13.28-1-13

Authors

Raone Beltrao-Mendes Federal University of Sergipe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3631-5229
André Chein Alonso Rua Dr. David de Azevedo Gusmão, 170. Porto Alegre, RS, 91.760-260, Brasil
Eduardo Marques Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), EQSW 103/104, bloco "C", Complexo Administrativo (Setor Sudoeste), Brasília, DF, 70670-350, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-1580
Rodrigo Cambará Printes Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio)/NGI Aparados da Serra Geral, Estrada RS-427, Km 18 (Caixa Postal 10), Itaimbezinho, Cambará do Sul, RS, 97480-000, Brasil
Leandro Jerusalinsky Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros – CPB, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade – ICMBio. Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo – Rodovia BR-230, Km 10, Renascer, Cabedelo, PB, 58108-012, Brasil
Stephen Francis Ferrari Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marcelo Deda Chagas, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE, 49107-230, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-0000

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2024-08-13.28-1-13

Keywords:

Threatened species, Alouatta, Brachyteles, Callicebus, Callithrix, Leontopithecus, Sapajus

Abstract

Hunting is an ancient human behavior, which likely became complex and efficient gradually through time. We present data from a bibliographic survey (qualitative) and field sampling (quantitative) of primate hunting in Northeastern Brazil. We evaluated hunting threats faced by 14 primate species native to the States of Bahia and Sergipe (three Critically Endangered, three Endangered, three Vulnerable, two Near Threatened, and three Least Concern). Qualitatively, since 2005, we identified 21 academic studies that contained 47 mentions of all six studied genera known to occur in the study area (Alouatta=4, Brachyteles=2, Callicebus=16, Callithrix=8, Leontopithecus=3, Sapajus=14). Approximately half of the citations were for hunting (55.3%; 88.4% of this for bushmeat) and the other half for trapping (44.7%; 90.4% for pet). Quantitatively, we obtained 834 local experts’ citations of primate hunting and capturing at 348 sites. All experts cited Callithrix, 818 cited Sapajus, and 738 cited Callicebus. We argued 539 about hunting for bushmeat (164 positive; 30.4%) and 636 about trapping for pet (189 positive; 30.9%). Callicebus presented 95 citations as bushmeat (30.1% of 326 queries) and Sapajus presented 80 citations as pet (35.7% of 224). Four informants reported hunting Sapajus for pest control because of crop damage. There was a significant difference (Chi²=33.982; df=2; p<0.0001) comparing hunting for bushmeat and pets, with Callicebus (higher bushmeat) and Sapajus (higher pet) presenting significant differences (both p<0.01). The impact of hunting is associated with biological contexts, besides socioeconomic and political, requiring complex-specific attention and efforts in conservation and management strategies, perhaps innovative, even non-prohibitive.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aguirre AC (1971) O mono Brachyteles arachnoides (E. Geoffroy): situação atual da espécie no Brasil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciência, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Almeida MCS, Ferreira FS, Beltrão-Mendes R (2023) Game mammals and their uses by local hunters in an Atlantic Forest region of Northeast Brazil. Etnobiología 21(1):31-47.

Alonso AC, Coelho IP, Marques E, Valença-Montenegro MM, Beltrão-Mendes R, Printes RC, Jerusalinsky L (2024) On the occurrence of the Critically Endangered blond titi (Callicebus barbarabrownae): reassessment of occupied areas and minimum population size. International Journal of Primatology 45(1):35-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00269-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00269-5

Alvard MS, Robinson JG, Redford KH, Kaplan H (1997) The sustainability of subsistence hunting in the Neotropics. Conservation Biology 11(4):977-982. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96047.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96047.x

Alves RRN, Barbosa JAA, Borges AKM (2023) Hunting and Uses of Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Northernmost Region in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. In: Pereira Filho GA, França FGR, Alves RRN, Vasconcellos A (eds) Animal Biodiversity and Conservation in Brazil's Northern Atlantic Forest. Springer, Cham, pp. 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21287-1_15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21287-1_15

Alves RRN, Feijó A, Barboza RRD, Souto WMS, Fernandes-Ferreira H, Cordeiro-Estrela P, Langguth A (2016) Game mammals of Caatinga biome. Ethnobiology and Conservation 5(5):1-51. https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2016-7-5.5-1-51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2016-7-5.5-1-51

Bagchi R, Swamy V, Farfan JPL, Terborgh J, Vela CI, Pitman NC, Sanchez WG (2018) Defaunation increases the spatial clustering of lowland Western Amazonian tree communities. Journal of Ecology 106(4):1470-1482. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12929

Barbosa JAA, Aguiar JO, Alves RRN (2022) Hunting and wildlife use in protected areas of the Atlantic rainforest, Northeastern Brazil. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente 60:249-270. https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v60i0.74388 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v60i0.74388

Barboza RRD, Lopes SF, Souto WMS, Fernandes-Ferreira H, Alves RRN (2016) The role of game mammals as bushmeat In the Caatinga, northeast Brazil. Ecology and Society 21(2):e2. http://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08358-210202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08358-210202

Bekoff M, Jamieson D (1991) Sport hunting as an instinct. Environmental Ethics 13(4):375-378. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics199113436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics199113436

Beltrão-Mendes R, Cunha AA, Ferrari SF (2011) New localities and perspectives on the sympatry between two endangered primates (Callicebus coimbrai and Cebus xanthosternos) in northeastern Brazil. Mammalia 75(1):103-105. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.2010.077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.2010.077

Beltrão-Mendes R, Ferrari SF (2019) Mangrove Forests as a Key Habitat for the Conservation of the Critically Endangered Yellow-breasted Capuchin, Sapajus xanthosternos, in the Brazilian Northeast. In: Nowak K, Barnett AA, Matsuda I (eds) Primates in flooded habitats: ecology and conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 68-76 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316466780.012

Benítez-López A, Alkemade R, Schipper AM, Ingram DJ, Verweij PA, Eikelboom JAJ, Huijbregts MAJ (2017) The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations. Science 356(6334):180-183. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj1891

Bernard HR (2011) Research methods in anthropology: qualitative and quantitative approaches. AltaMira Press (Rowman and Littlefield Publishers), Lanham, United States.

Bicca-Marques JC, Rumiz DI, Ludwig G, Rímoli J, Martins V, Cunha RGT, Alves SL, Valle RR, Miranda JMD, Jerusalinsky L, Messias MR, Cornejo FM, Boubli JP, Cortes-Ortíz L, Wallace RB, Talebi M, Melo FR (2021) Alouatta caraya (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T41545A190414715. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41545A190414715.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41545A190414715.en

Bobo KS, Aghomo FFM, Ntumwel BC (2015) Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 11(1):1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-11-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-11-2

Brasil (1998) Lei de Crimes Ambientais – nº 9.605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998: dispõe sobre as sanções penais e administrativas derivadas de condutas e atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 13 de fevereiro de 1998. Disponível em http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9605.htm. Acesso em setembro de 2019

Browne K (2005) Snowball Sampling: Using Social Networks to Research Non- heterosexual Women. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8(1):47-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000081663 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000081663

Canale GR, Alonso AC, Martins WP, Jerusalinsky L, Melo FR, Kierulff MCM, Mittermeier RA, Lynch Alfaro JW (2021) Sapajus xanthosternos (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T4074A192592138. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4074A192592138.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4074A192592138.en

Canale GR, Peres CA, Guidorizzi CE, Gatto CAF, Kierulff MCM (2012) Pervasive defaunation of forest remnants in a tropical biodiversity hotspot. PLoS ONE 7(8):e41671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041671

Castilho LC, De Vleeschouwer KM, Milner-Gulland EJ, Schiavetti A (2019) Hunting of mammal species in protected areas of the southern Bahian Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Oryx 53(4):687-697. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001247

Ceballos-Mago N, González CE, Chivers DJ (2010) Impact of the pet trade on the Margarita capuchin monkey Cebus apella margaritae. Endangered Species Research 12(1):57-68. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00289

Chiarello AG, Aguiar LMS, Cerqueira R, Melo FR, Rodrigues FHG, Silva VMF (2008) Mamíferos Ameaçados de Extinção no Brasil. In: Machado ABM, Drummond GM, Paglia AP (eds) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção (vol. 2). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, pp. 681-880

Chizzotti A (2005) Pesquisa em ciências humanas e sociais (7ª ed.). Cortez, São Paulo, Brazil

Constantino PAL (2018) O perfil da caça nos biomas brasileiros: um Panorama das Unidades de Conservação Federais a partir dos autos de infração lavrados pelo ICMBio. Biodiversidade Brasileira 8(2):106-129. https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v8i2.786

Costa LP, Leite YLR, Mendes SL, Ditchfield AD (2005) Mammal Conservation in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19(3):672-679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00666.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00666.x

Cowlishaw G, Dunbar RI (2000) Primate Conservation Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, United States DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226821177.001.0001

Davis A, Wagner JR (2003) Who knows? On the importance of identifying “experts” when researching Local Ecological Knowledge. Human Ecology 31(3):463-489. ttps://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025075923297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025075923297

Ebbert D (2019) chisq.posthoc.test: A Post Hoc Analysis for Pearson's Chi-Squared Test for Count Data. R package version 0.1.2, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=chisq.posthoc.test>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.chisq.posthoc.test

Emmons LH, Whitney BM, Ross Jr DL (1998) Sounds of Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: an audio field guide (2 volumes, 109 tracks). Audio CD; Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, New York

Estrela AR, Nogueira EMS, Porfírio S (2011) Callicebus barbarabrownae (Hershkovitz, 1990) (Primates: Pitheciidae) de Lamarão/BA: resultados preliminares. In: Melo FR, Mourthé Í (eds) A Primatologia no Brasil (vol. 11). Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Belo Horizonte, pp. 93-102

Fialho MS, Ludwig G, Valença-Montenegro MM (2016) Legal international trade in live Neotropical primates originating from South America. Primate Conservation 30:1-6.

Galetti M, Dirzo R (2013) Ecological and evolutionary consequences of living in a defaunated world. Biological Conservation 163:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.020

Goodman LA (1961) Snowball sampling. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 32(1):148-170. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2237615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177705148

Gouveia SF, Villalobos F, Dobrovolski R, Beltrão‐Mendes R, Ferrari SF (2014) Forest structure drives global diversity of primates. Journal of Animal Ecology 83(6):1523-1530. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12241

Hilário RR, Jerusalinsky L, Santos S, Beltrão-Mendes R, Ferrari SF (2017) A primate at risk in Northeast Brazil: local extinctions of Coimbra Filho’s titi (Callicebus coimbrai). Primates 58(2):343-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-017-0599-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-017-0599-6

Hill K (1982) Hunting and human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 11(6):521-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(82)80107-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(82)80107-3

ICMBio – Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção: Volume II - Mamíferos. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, Brazil

Jerusalinsky L, Bicca-Marques JC, Neves LG, Alves SL, Ingberman B, Buss G, Fries BG, Alonso AC, Cunha RGT, Miranda JMD, Talebi M, Melo FR, Mittermeier RA, Cortes-Ortíz L (2021) Alouatta guariba (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T39916A190417874. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39916A190417874.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39916A190417874.en

Jerusalinsky L, Souza-Alves J, Ferrari S (2020) Callicebus coimbrai. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020:e.T39954A17972422. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39954A17972422.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39954A17972422.en

Jerusalinsky L, Oliveira MM, Pereira RF, Santana V, Bastos PCR, Ferrari SF (2006) Preliminary evaluation of the conservation status of Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi and Langguth, 1999 in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Primate Conservation 21:25-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.25

Jerusalinsky L, Beltrão-Mendes R, Hilário R, Ferrari SF (2013) Impacto de caça e cativeiro sobre primatas em Sergipe e litoral norte da Bahia. II Congresso Latino Americano de Primatologia e XV Congresso Brasileiro de Primatologia, 2013, Recife – PE. Editora da UFPE, Recife

Johnson JC, Boster JS, Holbert D (1989) Estimating relational attributes from snowball samples through simulation. Social Networks 11(2):135-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(89)90009-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(89)90009-9

Kierulff MCM, Santos GR, Canale GR, Carvalho CEG, Cassano CR, Gouveia PS, Gatto CAFR, Araújo M, Vila Nova P, Marques AC, Santos PS, Pádua JC (2005) Plano de Manejo para a conservação do macaco-prego-do-peito-amarelo, Cebus xanthosternos. Relatório FNMA/PROBIO não publicado. Instituto de Estudos Sócio-ambientais do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brasil

King FA, Lee PC (1987) A brief survey of human attitudes to a pest species of primate – Cercopithecus aethiops. Primate Conservation 8:82-84.

Klein RG (1987) Reconstructing how early people exploited animals: problems and prospects. In: Nitecki MH, Nitecki DV (eds) The evolution of human hunting. Springer, Boston, pp. 11-45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8833-3_2

Landim AS, Souza JM, Santos LB, Lins-Neto EMF, Silva DT, Ferreira FS (2023) Food taboos and animal conservation: a systematic review on how cultural expressions influence interaction with wildlife species. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 19(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00600-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00600-9

Lane F (1990) A hunt for ‘‘monos” (Brachyteles arachnoides) in the foothills of the Serra de Paranapiacaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Primate Conservation 11:23-25.

Lee PC, Priston NE (2005) Human attitudes to primates: perceptions of pests, conflict and consequences for primate conservation. In: Paterson JD, Wallis J (eds) Commensalism and Conflict: the human-primate interface (vol. 4). American Society of Primatologists, Norman, pp. 1-23

Lernould JM, Kierulff MCM, Canale G (2012) Yellow‐breasted capuchin Cebus xanthosternos: support by zoos for its conservation–a success story. International Zoo Yearbook 46(1):71-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2012.00169.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2012.00169.x

Levacov D, Jerusalinsky L, Fialho MS (2011) Levantamento dos primatas recebidos em Centros de Triagem e sua relação com o tráfico de animais silvestres no Brasil. In: Melo FR, Mourthé Í (eds) A Primatologia no Brasil, (vol. 11). Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Belo Horizonte, pp. 281-305

Loveridge AJ, Reynolds JC, Milner-Gulland EJ (2007) Does sport hunting benefit conservation? In: David W, Macdonald DW, Service K (eds.) Key Topics in Conservation Biology. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, pp. 222-238

Madhusudan MD, Karanth KU (2002) Local hunting and the conservation of large mammals in India. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 31(1):49-55. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4315210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0049:LHATCO]2.0.CO;2

Maldonado AM, Nijman V, Bearder SK (2009) Trade in night monkeys Aotus spp. in the Brazil–Colombia–Peru tri-border area: international wildlife trade regulations are ineffectively enforced. Endangered Species Research 9(2):143-149. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00209

MapBiomas (2022) MapBiomas Project- Collection 7 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil. https://brasil.mapbiomas.org/en/colecoes-mapbiomas/. Accessed January 2024

Marinho-Filho J, Veríssimo EW (1997) The rediscovery of Callicebus personatus barbarabrownae in Northeastern Brazil with a new western limit for its distribution. Primates 38(4):429-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381883

Marques ELN, Beltrão-Mendes R, Ferrari SF (2013a) Primates, Pitheciidae, Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz, 1990: new localities for the critically endangered titi monkey in the São Francisco basin, state of Sergipe, Brazil [with erratum]. Check List 9(1):113-115. https://doi.org/10.15560/9.1.113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15560/9.1.113

Marques ELN, Jerusalinsky L, Rocha JCA, Santos PM, Beltrão-Mendes R, Ferrari SF (2013b) Primates, Pitheciidae, Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi and Langguth, 1999: new localities for an endangered titi monkey in eastern Sergipe, Brazil. Check List 9(3):696-699. https://doi.org/10.15560/9.3.696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15560/9.3.696

Martins AB, Fialho MS, Jerusalinsky L, Valença-Montenegro MM, Bezerra BM, Laroque PO, Melo FR, Lynch Alfaro JW (2021a) Sapajus libidinosus (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T136346A192593226. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136346A192593226.en. Accessed on 22 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136346A192593226.en

Martins WP, Melo FR, Kierulff MCM, Mittermeier RA, Lynch Alfaro JW, Jerusalinsky L (2021b) Sapajus robustus (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T42697A192592444. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T42697A192592444.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T42697A192592444.en

Mbete RA, Banga-Mboko H, Racey P, Mfoukou-Ntsakala A, Nganga I, Vermeulen C, Doucet JL, Hornick JL, Leroy P (2011) Household bushmeat consumption in Brazzaville, the Republic of the Congo. Tropical Conservation Science 4(2):187-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291100400207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291100400207

Melo FR, Pereira DG, Kierulff MCM, Bicca-Marques JC, Mittermeier RA (2021a) Callithrix geoffroyi (amended version of 2018 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T3572A191701212. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3572A191701212.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3572A191701212.en

Melo FR, Boubli JP, Mittermeier RA, Jerusalinsky L, Tabacow FP, Ferraz DS, Talebi M (2021b) Brachyteles hypoxanthus (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T2994A191693399. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T2994A191693399.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T2994A191693399.en

Mittermeier RA, Coimbra-Filho AF, Kierulff MCM, Rylands AB, Mendes SL, Pissinatti A, Almeida LM (2007) Monkeys of the Atlantic Forest of Eastern Brazil Pocket Identification Guide. Conservation International Tropical Pocket Guide, Series #3. Conservation International, Arlington

MMA (MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMBIENTE) (2022) Portaria nº 300, de 13 de dezembro de 2022. Reconhece a Lista Nacional de Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção, conforme Anexo I desta presente Portaria. Diário Oficial da União, República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF 234(1):75.

Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GA, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501

Nascimento RA, Schiavetti A, Montaño RAM (2013) An assessment of illegal capuchin monkey trade in Bahia State, Brazil. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 8(2):79-87. https://doi.org/10.4013/nbc.2013.82.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4013/nbc.2013.82.03

Neves LG, Jerusalinsky L, Pereira DG, Bicca-Marques JC, Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2021) Callithrix kuhlii (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T3575A191701453. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3575A191701453.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3575A191701453.en

Nitecki MH (1987) The idea of human hunting. In: Nitecki MH, Nitecki DV (eds) The evolution of human hunting. Springer, Boston, pp. 1-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8833-3_1

Novaro AJ, Redford KH, Bodmer RE (2000) Effect of hunting in source‐sink systems in the Neotropics. Conservation Biology 14(3):713-721. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98452.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98452.x

Nunes AV, Vilela JS, Saldo PÁ, Santos BA, Fischer E (2017) Conhecimento e uso de primatas por uma população extrativista no Vale do Juruá, Amazônia. Biodiversidade Brasileira 2017(2):123-132. https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v7i2.636

Oliveira LC, Neves LG, Kierulff MCM, Jerusalinsky L, Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB (2021) Leontopithecus chrysomelas (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T40643A192327573. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40643A192327573.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40643A192327573.en

Oliveira MA, Calouro AM (2019) Hunting agreements as a strategy for the conservation of species: the case of the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve, state of Acre, Brazil. Oecologia Australis 23(2):357-366. https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2019.2302.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2019.2302.13

Papworth S, Milner-Gulland EJ, Slocombe K (2013) Hunted woolly monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii) show threat-sensitive responses to human presence. PLoS One 8(4):e62000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062000

Peres CA (2001) Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation on Amazonian forest vertebrates. Conservation Biology 15(6):1490-1505. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01089.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01089.x

Posit team (2024) RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Posit Software, PBC, Boston, MA. URL http://www.posit.co/

Prado HM, Forline LC, Kipnis R (2012) Hunting practices among the Awá-Guajá: towards a long-term analysis of sustainability in an Amazonian indigenous community. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi: Ciências Humanas 7(2):479-491. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1981-81222012000200010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1981-81222012000200010

Printes RC (2007) Avaliação taxonômica, distribuição e status do guigó-da-Caatinga (Callicebus barbarabrownae, Hershkovitz, 1990). PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil

Printes RC (2011) Etnoprimatologia, distribuição geográfica e conservação do guigó-da-Caatinga (Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz, 1990). In: Miranda JMD, Hirano ZMB (eds) A Primatologia no Brasil. Vol. 12. UFPR/SBPr, Curitiba, pp. 15-29

Printes RC, Jerusalinsky L, Alonso AC, Mittermeier RA (2021) Callicebus barbarabrownae (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T39929A191703041. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39929A191703041.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39929A191703041.en

Printes RC, Jerusalinsky L, Melo FR, Mittermeier RA (2020) Callicebus melanochir. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020:e.T39930A17975106. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39930A17975106.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39930A17975106.en

R Core Team (2023) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria <https://www.R-project.org/>

Ramírez-Barajas PJ, Calmé S (2015) Subsistence Hunting and Conservation. In: Islebe SG, Calmé S, León-Cortés J, Schmook B (eds) Biodiversity and Conservation of the Yucatán Peninsula. Springer, Cham, pp. 333-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06529-8_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06529-8_13

Redford KH (1992) The empty forest. BioScience 42(6):412-422. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1311860

Reis NR, Peracchi AL, Batista CB, Rosa GLM (2015) Primatas do Brasil: guia de campo. Technical Books Editora, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Ripple WJ, Abernethy K, Betts MG, Chapron G, Dirzo R, Galetti M, Levi T, Lindsey PA, Macdonald DW, Machovina B, Newsome TM, Peres CA, Wallach AD, Wolf C, Young H (2016) Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals. Royal Society Open Science 3(10):160498. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160498

Robinson JG, Redford KH (1991) Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, United States

Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009) The diversity of the New World primates (Platyrrhini): an annotated taxonomy. In: Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds) South American Primates: comparative perspectives in the study of behavior, ecology, and conservation. Springer, Chicago, pp. 23-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78705-3_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78705-3_2

Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (2009) The systematics and distributions of the marmosets (Callithrix, Callibella, Cebuella, and Mico) and callimico (Callimico) (Callitrichidae, Primates). In: Ford SM, Porter LM, Davis LC (eds) The Smallest Anthropoids. Springer, Boston, pp. 25-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_2

Santos JG, Martinez RA (2015) Compartilhando espaços verdes urbanos: interações entre macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) e humanos numa reserva florestal na Bahia, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biociências 13(4):272-280.

Silva FA, Canale GR, Kierulff MCM, Duarte GT, Paglia AP, Bernardo CS (2016) Hunting, pet trade, and forest size effects on population viability of a critically endangered Neotropical primate, Sapajus xanthosternos (Wied‐Neuwied, 1826). American Journal of Primatology 78(9):950-960. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22565

Silva MNF, Shepard Jr. GH, Douglas WY (2005) Conservation implications of primate hunting practices among the Matsigenka of Manu National Park. Neotropical Primates 13(2):31-36. https://doi.org/10.1896/1413-4705.13.2.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1896/1413-4705.13.2.31

Sousa MC, Santos SS, Valente MCM (2008) Distribuição e variação na pelagem de Callicebus coimbrai (Primates, Pitheciidae) nos estados de Sergipe e Bahia, Brasil. Neotropical Primates 15(2):54-59. https://doi.org/10.1896/044.015.0208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1896/044.015.0208

Souza JB, Alves RRN (2014) Hunting and wildlife use in an Atlantic Forest remnant of northeastern Brazil. Tropical Conservation Science 7(1):145-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/19400829140070010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291400700105

Sponsel LE (1997) The human niche in Amazonia: explorations in ethnoprimatology. In: Kinzey WG (ed) New World Primates: ecology, evolution, and behavior. De Gruyter, New York, pp. 143-165

Stanford CB (1999) The hunting apes: Meat eating and the origins of human behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton, United States DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691222080

Svensson MS, Shanee S, Shanee N, Bannister FB, Cervera L, Donati G, Huck M, Jerusalinsky L, Juarez CP, Maldonado AM, Mollinedo JM, Méndez-Carvajal PG, Argandoña MAM, Vino ADM, Nekaris KAI, Peck M, Rey-Goyeneche J, Spaan D, Nijman V (2016) Disappearing in the night: An overview on trade and legislation of night monkeys in South and Central America. Folia Primatologica 87(5):332-348. https://doi.org/10.1159/000454803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000454803

Tabarelli M, Silva JMC, Gascon C (2004) Forest fragmentation, synergisms and the impoverishment of Neotropical forests. Biodiversity and Conservation 13(7):1419-1425. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000019398.36045.1b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000019398.36045.1b

Teixeira JVS, Santos JS, Guanaes DHA, Rocha DW, Schiavetti A (2020) Uses of wild vertebrates in traditional medicine by farmers in the region surrounding the Serra do Conduru State Park (Bahia, Brazil). Biota Neotropica 20(1):e20190793. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2019-0793 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0793

Teixeira JVS, Rocha WD, Miranda JES, Schiavetti A (2024) Wildlife Consumption Dynamics: Unveiling Conduru Park in Southern Bahia, Brazil. Ethnobiology and Conservation 13:e02. https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2024-01-13.02-1-20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2024-01-13.02-1-20

Terborgh J (1983) Five New World primates: a study in comparative ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, United States DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400857166

Terborgh J, Nuñez-Iturri G, Pitman NCA, Valverde FHC, Alvarez P, Swamy V, Pringle EG, Paine CET (2008) Tree recruitment in an empty forest. Ecology 89(6)1757-1768. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0479.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0479.1

Thoisy B, Massemin D, Dewynter M (2000) Hunting impact on Neotropical primates: a preliminary case study in French Guiana. Neotropical Primates 8(4):141-144. https://doi.org/10.62015/np.2000.v8.466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62015/np.2000.v8.466

Tomas WM, Magnusson WE, Mourão G, Bergallo HG, Linares SFTP, Crawshaw Jr PC, Campos Z, Camilo AR, Verdade LM, Tortato FR, Peres CA (2018) Meio século da proibição da caça no Brasil: consequências de uma política inadequada de gestão de vida selvagem. Biodiversidade Brasileira 8(2):75-81. https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v8i2.798

Valença-Montenegro MM, Bezerra BM, Ruiz-Miranda CR, Pereira DG, Miranda JMD, Bicca-Marques JC, Oliveira L, Cruz MAOM, Valle RR, Mittermeier RA (2021) Callithrix jacchus (amended version of 2018 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T41518A191705043. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41518A191705043.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41518A191705043.en

Valle RR, Ruiz-Miranda CR, Pereira DG, Rímoli J, Bicca-Marques JC, Jerusalinsky L, Valença-Montenegro MM, Mittermeier RA (2021) Callithrix penicillata (amended version of 2018 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T41519A191705321. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41519A191705321.en. Accessed on 16 March 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41519A191705321.en

Wilkie DS, Bennett EL, Peres CA, Cunningham AA (2011) The empty forest revisited. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1223(1):120-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05908.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05908.x