Wild Rubber Extraction in the Peruvian Amazon: local perception and socioeconomic indicators as tools for decision-­making

Visualizações: 1477

Authors

  • Lucia Alejandra Fitts Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States Grupo de investigación Sistemas Socioecológicos y Servicios Ecosistémicos. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Universidad s/n. La Molina, Lima 12, Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3645-8710
  • Zoila Aurora Cruz-Burga Grupo de investigación Sistemas Socioecológicos y Servicios Ecosistémicos. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Universidad s/n. La Molina, Lima 12, Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-2156
  • María de los Ángeles La Torre-Cuadros Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Carr. Panamericana Sur Km 19, Villa el Salvador, Lima 42, Perú Grupo de investigación Sistemas Socioecológicos y Servicios Ecosistémicos. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Universidad s/n. La Molina, Lima 12, Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-3186

Keywords:

Gender participation; Kakataibo; Traditional Knowledge; Non­-Timber Forest Products; Multivariate Analysis

Abstract

Forests play an important role in the life of indigenous communities. However, making nontimber forest management a profitable economic activity is a difficult task. Factors contributing to this difficulty include the increasing pressure from the market economy, which leads communities to opt for alternative economic activities such as agroforestry, timber harvest, cacao, and aquaculture. External institutions have implemented rubber projects to reintroduce the rubber extraction activity, but the outcomes of these projects are unknown. To help address this issue, our research was conducted in the Sinchi Roca I native community in Peru. The objectives were (1) to describe the process of wild rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) extraction; (2) to analyze the local perception by gender of rubber management; and (3) to evaluate the outcomes of this activity using socioeconomic criteria and indicators. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and intra-household surveys. First, we found that locals once extracted rubber with unsuitable techniques, which have improved with technical forest management. Second, wild extraction has a positive socioeconomic perception for the community, mainly because it provides income for basic needs. Surveyed families extract around 28,800 liters of rubber per year, averaging US$ 557.80 per family each year. Finally, we found that men and women participate in wild rubber extraction and decision-making. However, women prefer not to actively participate in meetings with external institutions. Despite the benefits found, current use of silviculture techniques and community empowerment should be improved to take better advantage of existing potential.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Lucia Alejandra Fitts, Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States Grupo de investigación Sistemas Socioecológicos y Servicios Ecosistémicos. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Universidad s/n. La Molina, Lima 12, Perú

Forest Engineer, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Research Assistant in the Silva Lab, Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota

Ph.D. candidate in the Natural Resources Science and Management program at the University of Minnesota Department of Forest Resources.

References

Aguilar-Barojas S (2005) Fórmulas para el cálculo de la muestra en investigaciones de salud. Salud en Tabasco 11(1-2): 333-338.

AIDESEP (2013) Relacionamiento entre las comunidades y las empresas forestales: Guía 3. Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana, Ucayali, Perú.

Álvarez J, Rojas M, Araujo A (2004) Una experiencia de manejo comunal de los recursos del bosque en la Reserva Nacional Alpahuayo Mishana.Iquitos, Perú.

Álvarez J, Shany N (2012) Una Experiencia de Gestión Participativa de La Biodiversidad Con Comunidades Amazónicas. Revista Peruana de Biología 19 (2):223–32.

Barclay F (2012) Los indígenas del Putumayo, tras 100 años no han sido reparados, ni de palabra ni de obra. In: La fiebre del caucho y los crudeness del Putumayo. Boletín temático (67). Lima: Servindi. [http://servindi.org/pdf/Bol67_Putumayo.pdf] Accessed 18 January 2020

Bernard HR (2006) Research methods in cultural anthropology 4ed. USA: SAGE Publication.

Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali LM, Healey JR, Jones JPG, Knight TM, Pullin AS (2012) Does Community Forest Management Provide Global Environmental Benefits and Improve Local Welfare? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment doi.org/10.1890/110040.

Bray DB, Duran E, Ramos VH, Mas JF, Velazquez A, McNab RB, Barry D, Radachowsky J (2008) Tropical Deforestation, Community Forests, and Protected Areas in the Maya Forest. Ecology and Society doi.org/10.5751/ES-02593-130256.

Brunner R, Steelman T, Coe-Juell L, Cromley C, Edwards C, Tucker D (2005) Adaptive Governance: Integrating Science, Policy, and Decision Making. New York: Columbia University Press, USA.

Bueno, C, Piber E, Sologuren C (2006) El Proceso del manejo forestal responsable en la Comunidad Nativa de Callería Análisis de la contribución económica y social. [http://www.aider.com.pe/publicaciones/Manejo%20forestal%20en%20Caller%C3%ADa%20AIDER.pdf.] Accessed 15 April 2017.

Chi VK, Van Rompaey A, Govers G, Vanacker V, Schmook B, Hieu N. (2013) Land transitions in Northwest Vietnam: an integrated analysis of biophysical and socio-cultural factors. Human ecology, 41(1), 37-50. doi.org/10.1007/s10745-013-9569-9

CIFOR (1999) The CIFOR Criteria and Indicators Generic Template. Criteria and Indicators Toolbox Series 2 doi.org/10.17528/cifor/000763.

Chirif A (2011) El auge del caucho o el juego de las apariencias. In: CAAAP, IWGIA (eds) Libro Azul Británico Informes de Roger Casemet y otras cartas sobre las atrocidades en el Putumayo. Lima, Peru, pp. 8-25. [https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/0568_informe_azul_para_el_eb.pdf] Accessed 25 may 2020.

Coomes O, Takasaki Y, Abizaid C, Arroyo-Mora J (2016) Environmental and Market Determinants of Economic Orientation among Rain Forest Communities: Evidence from a Large-Scale Survey in Western Amazonia. Ecological Economics doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.001.

Cruz-Burga Z, Monterroso I, Larson AM, Valencia F, Saldaña J (2019) The impact of formalizing rights to land and forest Indigenous community perspectives in Madre de Dios and Loreto. CIFOR Infobrief 242 DOI: 10.17528/cifor/007156

De-Camino R (2000) Algunas consideraciones sobre el manejo forestal comunitario y su situación en América Latina. [http://www.ccmss.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Taller_Manejo_Forestal_Comunitario_y_Certificacion_en_America_Latina.pdf.] Accessed 20 July 2017.

Dev O, Yadav N, Springate-baginski O, Soussan J (2003) Impacts of Community Forestry on Livelihoods in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 3(1):64–77.

Donovan J, Stoian D, Poole N (2008) Global Review of Rural Community Enterprises. 1º ed. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Evans K, Flores S, Larson A, Marchena R, Müller P, Pikitle A (2017) Challenges for Women’s Participation in Communal Forests: Experience from Nicaragua’s in Digenous Territories. Women’s Studies International Forum 65:37–46 doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.08.004.

FAO. n.d. Criterios e indicadores para la ordenación forestal sostenible. [http://www.fao.org/forestry/ci/es/] Accessed May 18, 2016.

———. 2010. Casos ejemplares de manejo forestal sostenible en América Latina y El Caribe. [http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/training_material/docs/casejes.pdf.] Accessed May 18, 2016

FAO and UNEP. 2020. The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people. Rome doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en.

García J (2001) En el corazón de las tinieblas del Putumayo, 1890-1932. Fronteras, caucho, mano de obra indígena y misiones Católicas en la nacionalización de la Amazonía. Revista de Indias LXI (223):591-617.

Garnett ST, Burgess ND, Fa JE, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Molnár Z, Robinson CJ, Watson JE, Zander KK, Austin B, Brondizio ES, Collier NF, Duncan T, Ellis E, Geyle H, Jackson MV, Jonas H, Malmer P, McGowan B, Sivongxay A, Leiper I (2018) A spatial overview of the global importance of indigenous lands for conservation. Nature Sustainability 1(7): 369–374.

Gaviria A, Sabogal C (2013) Sistematización de seis experiencias de manejo forestal comunitario en la Amazonía peruana. 1 ed. Proyecto Inventario Nacional Forestal y Manejo Forestal Sostenible del Perú ante el Cambio Climático FAO-Finlandia/MINAG-MINAM, Lima, Perú.

GIZ (2012) Aprovechamiento del caucho silvestre por las comunidades nativas en la selva amazónica del Perú. Proyecto Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático en la Reserva Comunal “El Sira” Ficha técnica 3 [http://infobosques.com/portal/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/FiTe01-ElSira-caucho-GFR-2011-12-26.pdf] Accessed 25 May 2020.

Godoy R, Overman H, Apaza L, Byron E, Huanca T, Leonard W, Pérez E, Reyes-García V, Vadez V, Wilkie D, Cubas A, McSweeney K, Brokaw N (2002) Local Financial Benefits of Rainforests: Comparative Evidence from Amerindian Societies in Bolivia and Honduras. Ecological Economics 40(3):397–409

Gomes CV, Vadjunec J.M, Perz S (2012) Rubber tapper identities: Political-economic dynamics, livelihood shifts, and environmental implications in a changing Amazon. Geoforum 43: 260–271.

Gonçalves de Oliveira D, Vidotte MC (2016) The "Pioneer" front in the Amazonia: Struggle and rubber tappers resistance and the invention of the Extrativist Reserves. Revista de Direito Agrário e Agroambiental 2(2):19-35

Held C, Pawlowsk G, Paredes A, Calo I (2015) Cadenas de Valor en el sector forestal del Perú Informe diagnóstico y desarrollo estratégico Global Green Growth Institute. Freiburg.

Holdridge LR (1987) Ecología basada en zonas de vida. Instituto Iberoamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura IICA. 3 ed, San José, Costa Rica.

IIAP (2004) Informe final del proyecto Conservación de la biodiversidad y manejo comunal de los recursos naturales en la cuenca del río Nanay. Banco Mundial/GEF, Iquitos, Perú.

IIAP (2009) Evaluación económica del aprovechamiento del jebe silvestre (Hevea brasiliensis) en Madre de Dios. Iquitos, Perú [http://iiap.org.pe/Archivos/Publicaciones/PUBL816.pdf] Accessed 25 May 2020.

ILO (2019) Implementing the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169: Towards an inclusive, sustainable and just future. [https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_735607.pdf] Accessed 25 May 2020.

ITTO (2005a) Status of Tropical Forest Management 2005 International Tropical Timber Organization Status of Tropical Forest Management [https://www.itto.int/es/sfm/2005/details/id=1801] Accessed 20 July 2017.

ITTO (2005b) Revised ITTO Criteria and Indicators for the Sustainable Management of Tropical Forests Including Reporting Format. ITTO Policy Development Series 15:15:42.

Jaramillo-Giraldo C, Soares B, Carvalho SM, Gonçalves R (2017) Is It Possible to Make Rubber Extraction Ecologically and Economically Viable in the Amazon? The Southern Acre and Chico Mendes Reserve Case Study Ecological Economics 134:186–97 doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.035.

Kajembe GC, Nduwamungu J, Luoga EJ (2006) The Impact of Community-Based Forest Management and Joint Forest Management on the Forest Resource Base and Local People’s Livelihoods: Case Studies from Tanzania.Commons southern Africa occasional paper series 8:1–22.

Khan NA, Khisa SK (2000) Sustainable Land Management with Rubber-Based Agroforestry: A Bangladeshi Example of Uplands Community Development. Sustainable Development 8:1-10.

Khasa PD, Dancik BP (1996) Managing for Biodiversity in Tropical Forests. Journal of Tropical Forest 4(1-2):1-31.

Lahjie AM, Isminarti, Simarangkir BDAS, Kristiningrum R, Ruslim Y (2018) Community Forest Management: Comparison of Simulated Production and Financial Returns from Agarwood, Tengkawang and Rubber Trees in West Kutai, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(1):126–133.

Mahanty S, Guernier J. Yasmi Y (2009) A fair share? Sharing the benefits and costs of collaborative forest management. The International Forestry Review 11(2):268-280.

Mansuri G, Rao V (2004) Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review. World Bank Research Observer 19(1):1–39 doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkh012.

Medina G, Pokorny B, Campbell B (2008) Favouring Local Development in the Amazon: Lessons from Community Forest Management Initiatives. Forest Livelihood Briefs CIFOR [http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/livebrief/livebrief0802E.pdf] Accessed 20 July 2017.

MINSA-Perú (2015) Informe operacional mensual de malaria en la Comunidad Nativa Sinchi Roca. Pucallpa, Perú.

Mwangi E (2018) REDD+ Benefits: Men Want Cash, Women Want Development. CIFOR Forests News [https://forestsnews.cifor.org/54754/redd-benefits-men-want-cash-women-want-development?fnl=en.] Accessed 10 April 2019.

Nalvarte J (2015) Manejo forestal comunitario para mitigar el cambio climático: la experiencia de la Comunidad Nativa Callería, Ucayali - Perú. Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Integral – AIDER, Lima, Perú.

Nguyen T, Tran T, Hoang TH (2008) Traditional versus New Forms of Community Forest Management in Vietnam: Can They Contribute to Poverty Alleviation in Upland Forest Areas? [http://iasc2008.glos.ac.uk/conference%20papers/papers/N/Nguyen_218801.pdf] Accessed 25 May 2020.

Pagdee A, Kim Y, Daugherty PJ (2006) What Makes Community Forest Management Successful: A Meta-Study from Community Forests throughout the World. Society & Natural Resources 19(1):33-52.

Peres JBR, Pastore F (2019) Amazon Rubber, A Potential Yet to be Rediscovered. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 27:652–658 doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01381-7

Posadas P, González-Jiménez A, Valentín JL (2016) Natural Rubber: Properties and Uses. In: Hamilton JL (ed) Natural Rubber : Properties, Behavior and Applications. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp. 1-23.

Quinteros B (2001) Distribución natural y determinación edafoclimática de la Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) y Uncaria guianensis (Aubl) Gmel (Uña de gato) en la cuenca del río Aguaytía. Undergraduate thesis. Universidad Nacional de Ucayali. Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru.

Rasolofoson RA, Ferraro PJ, Jenkins CN, Jones JPG (2015) Effectiveness of Community Forest Management at Reducing Deforestation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 184:271–77.

Rebugio LL, Carandang AP, Dizon JT, Pulhin JM, Camacho LD, DonKoo L, Peralta EO (2010) Promoting Sustainable Forest Management through Community Forestry in the Philippines. IUFRO World Series 25:355-368.

Ríos-Cortez A, Torres-Pérez J, Gómez-Guerrero A, Navarro-Martínez A (2012) Relación entre el manejo forestal y el bienestar socioeconómico en dos ejidos de Quintana Roo. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 18(2):251-259 doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2010.08.052.

Sabogal C, de Jong W, Pokorny B, Louman B (2008) Manejo Forestal Comunitario en América Latina: experiencias, lecciones aprendidas y retos para el futuro. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) doi.org/10.17528/cifor/002640.

Salisbury DS, Schmink M (2007) Cows versus rubber: Changing livelihoods among Amazonian extractivists. Geoforum 38(6):1233–1249.

Schaafsma M, Morse-Jones S, Posen P, Swetnam R, Balmford A, Bateman I, Burgess N, Chamshama SAO, Fisher B, Freeman T, Geofrey V, Green RE, Helplwa AS, Hernandez-Sirve A, Hess S, Kajembe GC, Kayharara G, Kilonzo M, Turner RK (2014) The Importance of Local Forest Benefits: Economic Valuation of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania. Global Environmental Change 24 (1):295–305 doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.018.

SERFOR (2020) Sistema Nacional de Información Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre SNIFFS - Componente Estadístico. [http://sniffs.serfor.gob.pe/estadistica/es/tableros/publicaciones/anuarios] Accessed 2 June 2020.

SERFOR (2019) Comunidades awajún y wampis de Amazonas producen láminas de shiringa para la industria del calzado. Noticias Negocios sostenibles. [https://www.serfor.gob.pe/noticias/negocios-sostenibles/comunidades-awajun-y-wampis-de-amazonas-producen-laminas-de-shiringa-para-la-industria-del-calzado] Accessed 25 May 2020.

SERFOR (2015) Ley Forestal y Fauna Silvestre N°29763 y sus reglamentos. Bosques Productivos para la vida. Lima, Perú [https://www.serfor.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/LFFS-Y-SUS-REGLAMENTOS.pdf] Accessed 26 May 2020.

Sheil D, Puri P, Basuki I, Van Heist M, Wan M, Liswanti N, Rukmiyati, Sardojo M, Samsoedin I, Sidiyasa K, Chrisandini, Permana E, Mangopo E, Gatzweiler F, Johnson B, Wijaya A (2004). Explorando la biodiversidad, el medio ambiente y las perspectivas de los pobladores en áreas boscosas. Centro para la Investigación Forestal Internacional. Indonesia.

Shyamsundar P, Ghate R (2011) Is Community Forest Management Good for the Environment and the Poor? – A Review. SANDEE Policy Brief 54–11 doi.org/10.1177/0022146514547328.

Sunderland T, Achdiawan R, Angelsen A, Babigumira R, Ickowitz A, Paumgarten F, Reyes-García V, Shively G (2014) Challenging Perceptions about Men, Women,

and Forest Product Use: A Global Comparative Study. World Development 64(1):S56-S66

Trovatti E, Sabino MG, Carvalho AJF (2016) Natural Rubber Technologies: Reinforcement with cellulose nanofibers and Thermo-Reversible Cross Link. In: Hamilton JL (ed) Natural Rubber : Properties, Behavior and Applications. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp. 25-32.

Uribe T (2013) Caucho, explotación y guerra: configuración de las fronteras nacionales y expoliación indígena en Amazonia. Memoria y Sociedad 17(34): 34-48.

Velarde NG, Vásques T, Del Castillo D, Mattos LL (2010) El cultivo de la shiringa en Madre de Dios, Perú: Manual. Instituto de Investigación de la Amazonía Peruana IIAP [http://repositorio.iiap.gob.pe/bitstream/IIAP/402/1/velarde_libro_2010.pdf] Accessed 25 May 2020.

Vera F (2014) Los desafíos en gobernanza y manejo forestal comunitario de Los awajún y wampis: lecciones aprendidas. Soluciones Prácticas. [http://www.solucionespracticas.org.pe/Descargar/392844/1195269] Accessed 10 April 2019.

World Bank (2016) Indigenous Peoples. Inspection Panel Emerging Lessons 2. Washington, D.C [http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/447361478156710826/Inspection-Panel-Indigenous-peoples] Accessed 25 May 2020.

WWF-UK (2014) Going Wild for Rubber. Sourcing wild rubber from the Amazon: why you should and how you can. [http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/wwf_a4_report_wild_rubber_web__2_.pdf] Accessed 25 May 2020.

WWF (2015a) Guía técnica para el aprovechamiento y comercialización de látex de shiringa de bosques naturales Empresa Comunal Jebe Natural del MAP Tahuamanu, ECOMUSA. [https://d144yw6o2d13bk.cloudfront.net/downloads/manual_shiringa_final.pdf] Accessed 25 May 2020.

WWF (2015b) Shiringa: Revalorando el bosque amazónico. [https://www.wwf.org.pe/?238570/shiringarevalorandoelbosqueamazonico] Accessed 25 May 2020.

Downloads

Published

06/17/2020

How to Cite

Fitts, L. A., Cruz-Burga, Z. A., & La Torre-Cuadros, M. de los Ángeles. (2020). Wild Rubber Extraction in the Peruvian Amazon: local perception and socioeconomic indicators as tools for decision-­making. Ethnobiology and Conservation, 9. Retrieved from https://ethnobioconservation.com/index.php/ebc/article/view/372

Issue

Section

Original research article

Most read articles by the same author(s)