Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg.: A comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal uses
Visualizações: 2066Keywords:
Kamala tree, Mallotus philippensis, Medicinal uses, Traditional usesAbstract
Despite advances in biomedical technology, many communities and local people are still dependent on natural and herbal medications. A large number of different ethnic groups like the Tharu, Kani, Garo and other local inhabitants thrive in the Indian subcontinent and other parts of the world. These indigenous people traditionally use Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) for a variety of medicinal, ritual and economic purposes. Therefore, the present article aims to assess how many various types of disorders are being treated by ethnic groups using formulations prepared from this tree. In addition, we aim to identify the gaps in knowledge and recommend future investigations based upon them. The present analysis based on 83 articles indicated that different ethnic groups are utilising this tree to treat about 142 health ailments that can be broadly categorised into 11 types of disorders. Among these disorder categories, helminthic infestations, dermatological and digestive disorders are most frequently treated with formulations prepared from the tree. Among plant parts, fruits are the most exclusively used component followed by leaves and bark. The usage of fruits as an anthelminthic is widespread and highly cited for both animals and human beings. Thus, the tree can serve as a promising ethnomedicine to treat helminthic infestations, dermatological and digestive problems. Therefore, the cultivation of this medicinal plant should be encouraged in order to promote conservation of this species.
Downloads
References
Abbasi AM, Ajab Khan M, Ahmed M, Zafar M (2010a) Herbal medicines used to cure various ailments by the inhabitants of Abbottabad district, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9:175–183
Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Jahan S, Sultana S (2010b) Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 128:322–335
Abbasi AM, Khan SM, Ahmad M, Khan MA, Quave CL, Pieroni A (2013) Botanical ethnoveterinary therapies in three districts of the Lesser Himalayas of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9:84
Acharya R, Acharya KP (2010) Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used by Tharu Community of Parroha VDC, Rupandehi District, Nepal. Scientific World 7:80–84
Adhikari BS, Babu MM, Saklani PL, Rawat GS (2010) Medicinal Plants Diversity and their Conservation Status in Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Campus, Dehradun. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14:46–83
Ahmad SS, Mahmood F, Dogar Z, Iqbal Khan Z, Ahmad K, Sher M, Mustafa I, Elahi Valeem E (2009) Prioritization of medicinal plants of Margala Hills National Park, Islamabad on the basis of available information. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41:2105–2114
Ahmed E, Arshad M, Saboor A, Qureshi R, Mustafa G, Sadiq S, Chaudhari SK (2013) Ethnobotanical appraisal and medicinal use of plants in Patriata, New Murree, evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9:13
Ahmed KMI, Bashar S, Tanny UT, Mandal BK, Islam E (2017) Ethnomedicinal formulations of a Garo tribal healer in Haluaghat, Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 5:219–223
Ahmed S, Siddiqa F (2013) Anthelmintic Activity of Unani Mallotus phillippienesis (Kamela). American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics 9:706–712
Akhtar MS, Ahmad I (1992) Comparative efficacy of Mallotus philippinensis fruit (Kamala) or Nilzan® drug against gastrointestinal cestodes in Beetal goats. Small Ruminant Research 8:121–128
Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S (2005) Traditional knowledge of Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102:246–255
Aziz MA, Khan AH, Adnan M, Izatullah I (2017) Traditional uses of medicinal plants reported by the indigenous communities and local herbal practitioners of Bajaur Agency, Federally Administrated Tribal Areas, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 198:268–281
Bandopadhyay M, Dhingra VK, Mukerjee SK, Pardeshi NP, Seshadri TR (1972) Triterpenoid and other components of Mallotus Philippinensis. Phytochemistry 11:1511
Barkatullah, Ibrar M, Rauf A, Ben Hadda T, Mubarak MS, Patel S (2015) Quantitative ethnobotanical survey of medicinal flora thriving in Malakand Pass Hills, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 169:335–346
Bharati KA, Sharma BL (2010) Some ethnoveterinary plant records for Sikkim Himalaya. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9:344–346
Bharati KA, Sharma BL (2012) Plants used as ethnoveterinary medicines in Sikkim Himalayas. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 10:339–356
Bhatia H, Sharma YP, Manhas RK, Kumar K (2014) Ethnomedicinal plants used by the villagers of district Udhampur, J&K, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151:1005–1018
Bhatti RC, Nirmala C, Kaur AD, Singh S, Mor PK, Kaur R, Singh AN, Nirmala C, Singh AN (2017) Harnessing of local plant species by indigenous people of Hamirpur district for ethno-veterinary purposes. Annals of Plant Sciences 6:1898–1925
Biswas S (2012) Ethnobotanical studies of Malkangiri district Orissa including identification of a few potential species for modern drug development programme. PhD Thesis, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Caius JF (2012) The medicinal and poisonous plants of India. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India
Chakraborty MK, Bhattacharjee A (2006) Some common ethnomedicinal uses for various diseases in Purulia district, West Bengal. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 5:554–558
Chand R, Kaur R, Kaur A, Kumar V, Nirmala C, Singh AN (2016) Assessment of Ethnomedicinal Plant Diversity of Una and Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh, India: An Ethno-ecological approach. Annals of Plant Sciences 5:1475–1490
Chander MP, Kartick C, Gangadhar J, Vijayachari P (2014) Ethno medicine and healthcare practices among Nicobarese of Car Nicobar - An indigenous tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 158:18–24
Chassagne F, Hul S, Deharo E, Bourdy G (2016) Natural remedies used by Bunong people in Mondulkiri province (Northeast Cambodia) with special reference to the treatment of 11 most common ailments. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 191:41–70
Dahare D, Jain A (2010) Ethnobotanical Studies on Plant Resources of Tahsil Multai, District Betul, Madhya Pradesh, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14:694–705
Daikonya A, Katsuki S, Kitanaka S (2004) Antiallergic agents from natural sources 9. Inhibition of nitric oxide production by novel chalcone derivatives from Mallotus philippinensis (Euphorbiaceae). Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 52:1326–1329
Das S, Sheeja TE, Mandal AB (2006) Ethnomedicinal uses of certain plants from Bay Islands. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 5:207–211
Davis DK, Quraishi K, Sherman D, Sollod A, Stem C (1995) Ethnoveterinary medicine in Afghanistan: an overview of indigenous animal health care among Pashtun Koochi nomads. Journal of Arid Environments 31:483–500
Dhaker JK, Sharma K (2014) Ethnopharmacology review on Endangered Medicinal plant. International Journal of Pharmacy & Biomedical Research 1:1–6
Dhanai R, Negi RS, Singh S, Parmar MK (2015) Fuelwood Consumption by Villagers in Different Altitudinal Gradient: A Case of Takoligad Watershed of Garhwal Himalaya, India. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 5:72–80
Dikshit SK, Lalit OP (1970) Hymenolepiasis in childhood and its treatment by indigenous drugs. Indian Journal of Medical Research 58:616–21
Farooq Z, Iqbal Z, Mushtaq S, Muhammad G, Iqbal MZ, Arshad M (2008) Ethnoveterinary practices for the treatment of parasitic diseases in livestock in Cholistan desert (Pakistan). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118:213–219
Ganesan S, Ponnuchamy M, Kesavan L, Selvaraj A (2009) Floristic composition and practices on the selected sacred groves of Pallapatty village (Reserved forest), Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8:154–162
Gangwar M, Gautam MK, Sharma AK, Tripathi YB, Goel RK, Nath G (2014a) Antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging effect of polyphenol rich Mallotus philippenensis fruit extract on human erythrocytes: An in vitro study. Scientific World Journal 2014:279451
Gangwar M, Goel RK, Nath G (2014b) Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Arg (Euphorbiaceae): Ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry review. BioMed Research International 2014:213973
Gangwar M, Kumar D, Tilak R, Singh TD, Singh SK, Goel R, Nath G (2011) Qualitative Phytochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation of Glandular Hairs of Mallotus philippinensis Fruit Extract. Journal of Pharmacy Research 4:4214–4216
Gaur RD (2009) Traditional dye yielding plants of Uttarakhand, India. Natural Product Radiance 7:154–165
Ghimire K, Bastakoti RR (2009) Ethnomedicinal knowledge and healthcare practices among the Tharus of Nawalparasi district in central Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management 257:2066–2072
Goraya K, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS, Muhammad G, Ain Q ul, Saleem M (2013) Diversity of flora used for the cure of equine diseases in selected peri-urban areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9:70
Gupta AG (2015) Ethnobotanical studies of mount Abu region in Sirohi district Rajasthan. PhD Thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Gupta VK, Kaushik A, Chauhan DS, Ahirwar RK, Sharma S, Bisht D (2018) Anti-mycobacterial activity of some medicinal plants used traditionally by tribes from Madhya Pradesh, India for treating tuberculosis related symptoms. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 227:113–120
Habib G, Khan NA, Sultan A, Ali M (2016) Nutritive value of common tree leaves for livestock in the semi-arid and arid rangelands of Northern Pakistan. Livestock Science 184:64–70
Hamayun M, Khan A, Khan MA (2005) Common Medicinal Folk Recipes of District Buner, NWFP, Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2005:45
Haque Z, Ahmed T, Mand D, Asma K, Rumman, Alam A (2015) Medicinal Effect of Kameela and Amraze Jildiya (Skin Diseases) Described in Unani System of Medicine and Current Research-An Overview. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 2:494–496
Hussain A, Khan MN, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS (2008) An account of the botanical anthelmintics used in traditional veterinary practices in Sahiwal district of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119:185–190
Jabbar A, Raza MA, Iqbal Z, Khan MN (2006) An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pakistan). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108:152–154
Jagtap SD, Deokule SS, Bhosle S V. (2006) Some unique ethnomedicinal uses of plants used by the Korku tribe of Amravati district of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107:463–469
Jain SP, Puri HS (1984) Ethnomedicinal plants of Jaunsar-Bawar hills, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 12:213–22
Joshi AR, Joshi K (2007) Ethnomedicinal Plants Used Against Skin Diseases in Some Villages of Kali Gandaki, Bagmati and Tadi Likhu Watersheds of Nepal. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11:235–246
Kala CP, Dhyani PP, Sajwan BS (2006) Developing the medicinal plants sector in northern India: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2:32
Kamble SY, Patil SR, Sawant PS, Sawant S, Pawar SG, Singh EA (2010) Studies on plants used in traditional medicine by Bhilla tribe of Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9:591–598
Khan M, Qureshi RA, Hussain M, Mehmood K, Khan RA (2013) Hexane soluble extract of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. root possesses anti-leukaemic activity. Chemistry Central Journal 7:157
Khan S, Chaghtai S (1982) Ethnobotanical study of some plants used for curing skin afflictions. Ancient Science of Life 1:236–238
Khare CP (2007) Indian Medicinal Plants- An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer, New York
Khuankaew S, Srithi K, Tiansawat P, Jampeetong A, Inta A, Wangpakapattanawong P (2014) Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Tai Yai in Northern Thailand. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151:829–838
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1935) Indian Medicinal Plants. 2 ed. Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad, India
Kosalge SB, Fursule RA (2009) Investigation of ethnomedicinal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills in India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 121:456–461
Kulkarni RR, Tupe SG, Gample SP, Chandgude MG, Sarkar D, Deshpande M V., Joshi SP (2014) Antifungal dimeric chalcone derivative Kamalachalcone E from Mallotus philippinensis. Natural Product Research 28:245–250
Kumar GMP, Nagayya S (2017) Utilization of ethno-veterinary medicinal plants in Hassan district of Karnataka, India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9:107
Kumar R, Bharati KA (2014) Ethnomedicines of Tharu tribes of Dudhwa National Park, India. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 12:001–013
Lamarck J-B, Poiret J-L-M (1786) Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. Panckoucke, Paris
Lounasmaa M, Widen CJ, Tuuf CM, Huhtikangas A (1975) On the phloroglucinol derivatives of Mallotus philippinensis. Planta Medica 28:16–31
Maeda M, Fukami H, Namikawa K (2009) Method for producing Mallotus philippinensis dye composition and the composition.
Mahato RB, Chaudhary RP (2005) Ethnomedicinal study and antibacterial activities of selected plants of Palpa district, Nepal. Scientific World 3:26–31
Malik ZA, Bhat JA, Ballabha R, Bussmann RW, Bhatt AB (2015) Ethnomedicinal plants traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of Western Himalaya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 172:133–144
Manandhar NP (1998) Native phytotherapy among the Raute tribes of Dadeldhura district, Nepal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60:199–206
Maruthupandian A, Mohan VR, Kottaimuthu R (2011) Ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes and jaundice by Palliyar tribals in Sirumalai hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2:493–497
Müller J (1865) Euphorbiaceae. Linnaea 34:1–224
Nadkarni AK (1976) Dr. K. M. Nadkarni’s Indian Materia Medica: with ayurvedic, unani-tibbi, siddha, allopathic, homeopathic, naturopathic & home remedies, appendices & indexes. Popular Book Depot, Bombay and Dhootapapeshwar Prakashan Ltd, Panvel, India
Nayak S, Behera SK, Misra MK (2004) Ethno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissa. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3:72–79
Panda SK (2014) Ethno-medicinal uses and screening of plants for antibacterial activity from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151:158–175
Panda SK, Das R, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Luyten W (2018) Assessing medicinal plants traditionally used in the Chirang Reserve Forest, Northeast India for antimicrobial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 225:220–233
Panthi MP, Singh AG (2013) Ethnobotany of Arghakhanchi District, Nepal: Plants used in dermatological and cosmetic disorders. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1:27–32
Patil M V, Patil DA (2004) Plants used in reproductive ailments by tribals of Nasik district (Maharashtra). Ancient Science of Life 23:37–41
Pattanaik C, Reddy CS, Dhal NK, Das R (2006) Some Phytotherapeutic Claims by Tribals of Rayagada District, Orissa, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10:189–197
Poonam K, Singh GS (2009) Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc Landscape, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123:167–176
Qasim HM, Avais M, Durrani AZ, Khan MA, Shahzad AH (2016) Dynamic dispersal of haemonchosis, its treatment and effect on blood profile of small ruminants of Lodhran district, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 48:755–761
R Core Team (2018) R: A language and environment for statistical computing.
Rana M, Rana M, Sharma D, Chauhan P (2017) Commonly used Medicinal Plants in Tehsil Bangana, District Una, Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 3:102–107
Rao PK, Hasan SS, Bhellum BL, Manhas RK (2015) Ethnomedicinal plants of Kathua district, J&K, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 171:12–27
Rao VS, Seshadri TR (1947) Kamala dye as an anthelmintic. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A 26:178–181
Rashid S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Ayub M, Khan MA, Yaseen G (2015) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinally important shrubs and trees of Himalayan region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 166:340–351
Reddy RV (1995) Ethnobotanical and phytochemical studies on medicinal plant resources of Cuddapah district A P India. PhD Thesis, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Reddy SR (1996) Floristic and ethnobotanical studies on Lankamala hills Cuddapah district A P. PhD Thesis, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Rivière C, Nguyen Thi Hong V, Tran Hong Q, Chataigné G, Nguyen Hoai N, Dejaegher B, Tistaert C, Nguyen Thi Kim T, Vander Heyden Y, Chau Van M, Quetin-Leclercq J (2010) Mallotus species from Vietnamese mountainous areas: Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Phytochemistry Reviews 9:217–253
Roberts KD, Weiss E, Reichstein T (1963) Die Cardenolide der Samen von Mallotus philippinensis (LAM.) MÜLL. -ARG. (= Rottlera tinctoria ROXB.). Glykoside und Aglykone, 252. Mitteilung. Helvetica Chimica Acta 46:2886–2893
Saijo R, Nonaka G, Nishioka I (1989) Tannins and related compounds. LXXXIV. Isolation and characterization of five new hydrolyzable tannins from the bark of Mallotus japonicus. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37:2063–70
Samant SS, Dhar U, Rawal RS (2000) Assessment of fuel resource diversity and utilization patterns in Askot Wildlife Sanctuary in Kumaun Himalaya, India, for conservation and management. Environmental Conservation 27:5–13
Saqib Z, Mahmood A, Naseem Malik R, Mahmood A, Hussian Syed J, Ahmad T (2014) Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151:820–828
Seethapathy GS, Ravikumar K, Paulsen BS, de Boer HJ, Wangensteen H (2018) Ethnobotany of dioecious species: Traditional knowledge on dioecious plants in India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 221:56–64
Shanmugam S, Gayathri N, Sakthivel B, Ramar S, Rajendran K (2009) Plants used as Medicine by Paliyar Tribes of Shenbagathope in Virudhunagar District of Tamilnadu, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13:370–378
Sharma J, Gairola S, Gaur RD, Painuli RM (2012a) The treatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenous communities of the Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143:262–291
Sharma J, Gairola S, Sharma YP, Gaur RD (2014) Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat skin diseases by Tharu community of district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 158:140–206
Sharma J, Gaur RD, Gairola S, Painuli RM, Siddiqi TO (2013) Traditional herbal medicines used for the treatment of skin disorders by the Gujjar tribe of Sub-Himalayan tract, Uttarakhand. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 12:736–746
Sharma J, Painuli RM, Gaur RD (2010) Plants used by the rural communities of district Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9:798–803
Sharma J, Varma R (2011) A review on endangered plant of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) M. Arg. Pharmacologyonline 3:1256–1265
Sharma R, Manhas RK (2015) Ethnoveterinary plants for the treatment of camels in Shiwalik regions of Kathua district of Jammu & Kashmir, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 169:170–175
Sharma R, Manhas RK, Magotra R (2012b) Ethnoveterinary remedies of diseases among milk yielding animals in Kathua, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 141:265–272
Sher Z, Khan Z, Hussain F (2011) Ethnobotanical studies of some plants of Chagharzai valley, district Buner, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 43:1445–1452
Shil S, Choudhury MD (2009) Indigenous Knowledge on Healthcare Practices by the Reang Tribe of Dhalai District of Tripura, North East India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13:775–790
Shil S, Dutta Choudhury M, Das S (2014) Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by the Reang tribe of Tripura state of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 152:135–141
Shukla AN, Srivastava S, Rawat AKS (2010) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9:191–202
Sierra SEC, Van Welzen PC, Slik JWF (2005) A taxonomic revision of Mallotus section philippinenses (former section Rottlera - Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea: Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography 50:221–248
Singh A, Singh PK (2009) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Chandauli District of Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 121:324–329
Singh B, Borthakur SK, Phukan SJ (2014) A survey of ethnomedicinal plants utilized by the indigenous people of Garo hills with special reference to the Nokrek biosphere reserve (Meghalaya), India. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 20:1–30
Siva R (2007) Status of natural dyes and dye-yielding plants in India. Current Science 92:916–925
Subrahmanya PK (2012) Exploration and elucidation of traditional medicinal plants of erstwhile tulunadu and surrounding area of Kerala and Karnataka. PhD Thesis, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India
Sutha S, Mohan VR, Kumaresan S, Murugan C, Athiperumalsami T (2010) Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu for the treatment of rheumatism. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9:502–509
Tanaka R, Nakata T, Yamaguchi C, Wada SI, Yamada T, Tokuda H (2008) Potential anti-tumor-promoting activity of 3α-hydroxy-D: A-friedooleanan-2-one from the stem bark of Mallotus philippensis. Planta Medica 74:413–416
Taylor RSL, Edel F, Manandhar NP, Towers GHN (1996a) Antimicrobial activities of southern Nepalese medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50:97–102
Taylor RSL, Hudson JB, Manandhar NP, Towers GHN (1996b) Antiviral activities of medicinal plants of southern Nepal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 53:97–104
Tripathi IP, Chaudhary P, Pandey P (2017) Mallotus philippensis: A Miracle Stick. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 6:678–687
Tshering S (1996) Natural Vegetable Dyes; Food, Fruit Species and Mushrooms; Gums and Waxes; and Incense. Non-Wood Forest Products of Bhutan. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 87–106
Turland N, Wiersema J, Barrie F, Greuter W, Hawksworth D, Herendeen P, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May T, McNeill J, Monro A, Prado J, Price M, Smith G (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, Germany
Udayan PS, Harinarayanan MK, Tushar K V, Balachandran I (2008) Some common plants used by Kurichiar tribes of Tirunelli forest, Wayanad district, Kerala in medicine and other traditional uses. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 7:250–255
Uprety Y, Poudel RC, Asselin H, Boon E (2011) Plant biodiversity and ethnobotany inside the projected impact area of the Upper Seti Hydropower Project, Western Nepal. Environment, Development and Sustainability 13:463–492
Usmanghani K, Seed A, Alam M, Saeed A (1997) Indusyunic Medicine, Traditional Medicine of Herbal, Animal, and Mineral Origin in Pakistan. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Verma S, Chauhan NS (2007) Indigenous medicinal plants knowledge of Kunihar forest division, district Solan. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6:494–497
Yesodharan K, Sujana KA (2007) Ethnomedicinal knowledge among Malamalasar tribe of Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary, Kerala. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6:481–485
Zabihullah Q, Rasheed A, Akhtar N (2006) Ethnobotanical survey of Kot Manzary Baba valley, Malakand Agency, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Science 12:115–121
Zheng X long, Xing F wu (2009) Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants around Mt.Yinggeling, Hainan Island, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124:197–210
Zheng XL, Wei JH, Sun W, Li RT, Liu SB, Dai HF (2013) Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants around Limu Mountains of Hainan Island, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 148:964–974
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
