Using local ecological knowledge to access the distribution of the Endangered Caatinga howler monkey (Alouatta ululata)
Visualizações: 2907DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2018-08-7.10-1-22Keywords:
Neotropical primates, ethnoprimatology, occurrence areas, local community, socioeconomic profile, conservation.Abstract
Traditional or Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) has contributed to the development of conservation strategies for many species, including primates. A lack of basic knowledge about the Endangered Caatinga howler monkey (Alouatta ululata) in Northeastern Brazil makes it difficult to design and implement effective conservation strategies. We aimed to improve our understanding of the geographic range of A. ululata, collect LEK on the species, and understand how people interact with these howlers. We conducted semi-structured interviews with members of local communities in two regions within the currently known distribution range of the Caatinga howler monkey. The maps were constructed based on the information currently available in the literature and on the data obtained through our semi-structured interviews. We identified new areas of occurrence for Caatinga howler monkeys, increasing the species’ range in a Northeastern direction in the state of Ceará. Gross domestic product (GDP) and population size were inversely related to the amount of knowledge that the local human population showed about the Caatinga howler monkeys. Local knowledge of howling hours and seasons may increase the chances of researchers locating the species, optimizing time and funding resources. Despite a positive attitude towards Caatinga howler monkeys in both regions (i.e. howlers were not killed in retaliation for crop raiding and locals found their vocalizations pleasant), we identified poaching and medicinal uses of the species. Our data demonstrated that the range of Caatinga howler monkeys was larger than previously recorded and also that local knowledge was crucial for triangulating the species location.
Downloads
References
Almeida MAB, Santos E, Cardoso JC, Fonseca DF, Noll CA, Silveira VR, Maeda AY, Souza RP, Kanamura C, Brasil RA (2012) Yellow fever outbreak affecting Alouatta populations in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), 2008-2009. American Journal of Primatology 74:68-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.21010
Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, Gonçalves JLM, Sparovek G (2013) Koppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22:711-728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
Alves RRN, Feijó A, Barboza RRD, Souto WMS, Fernandes-
Ferreira H, Cordeiro-Estrela P, Langguth A (2016) Game mammals of the Caatinga biome. Ethnobiology and Conservation 5:1-51.
Alves RRN, Santana GG (2008) Use and commercialization of Podocnemis expansa (Schweiger 1812) (Testudines : Podocnemididae) for medicinal purposes in two communities in North of Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4:1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-4-3
Anadón JD, Giménez A, Ballestar R, Pérez I (2009) Evaluation of local ecological knowledge as a method for collecting extensive data on animal abundance. Conservation Biology 23:617-625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01145.x
Anadón JD, Giménez A, Ballestar R (2010) Linking local ecological knowledge and habitat modelling to predict absolute species abundance on large scales. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:1443-1454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9774-4
Andrade Júnior AS, Bastos EA, Silva CO, Gomes AAN, Figueredo Júnior LGM (2004) Atlas climatológico do Estado do Piauí. 1 ed. Embrapa Meio-Norte, Teresina, PI, Brasil.
Armstrong CG, Veteto JR (2015) Historical ecology and ethnobiology: applied research for environmental conservation and social justice. Ethnobiology Letters 6:5-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.313
Asafu-Adjaye J (2003) Biodiversity loss and economic growth: a cross-country analysis. Contemporary Economic Policy 21:173-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byg003
Bicca-Marques JC (2003) How do howler cope with habitat fragmentation?. In: Marsh MK (ed.), Primates in fragments: ecology and conservation. 1 ed. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp. 283–303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3770-7_18
Bicca-Marques JC, Silva VM, Gomes DF (2006) Ordem Primates. In: Cheida CC, Nakano-Oliveira E, Fusco-Costa R, Rocha-Mendes F, Quadros J (eds.) Mamíferos do Brasil. 1 ed. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Londrina, pp. 101–148.
Bonvicino CR, Langguth A, Mittermeier RA (1989) A study of the pelage color and geographic distribution in Alouatta belzebul (Primates: Cebidae). Revista Nordestina de Biologia 6:139-148.
Brabo Alves JM, Silva RA, Souza EB, Repelli CA (2004) Principais secas ocorridas neste século no estado do Ceará: uma avaliação pluviométrica.[ http://www.cbmet.com/cbm-files/13-1380726e80520f5fb2161d562051b1ad.pdf.] Accessed 30 March 2017.
Burgman MA, Fox JC (2003) Bias in species range estimates from minimum convex polygons: implications for conservation and options for improved planning. Animal Conservation 6:19-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943003003044
Castellanos‐Galindo GA, Cantera JR, Espinosa S, Mejía‐Ladino LM (2011) Use of local ecological knowledge, scientist's observations and grey literature to assess marine species at risk in a tropical eastern Pacific estuary. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:37-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1163
Ceballos-Mago N, Chivers DJ (2010) Local knowledge and perceptions of pet primates and wild Margarita capuchins on Isla de Margarita and Isla de Coche in Venezuela. Endangered Species Research 13:63-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00321
Costa-Neto EM, Marques JGW (2000) Faunistic resources used as medicines by artisanal fishermen from Siribinha beach, State of Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology 20:93-109.
Crockett CM (1998) Conservation biology of the genus Alouatta. International Journal of Primatology 19:549-578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020316607284
Cunha RGT, Jalles-Filho E (2007) The roaring of southern brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) as a mechanism of active defense of borders. Folia Primatologica 78:259-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000105545
Czech B (2008) Prospects for reconciling the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation with technological progress. Conservation Biology 22:1389-1398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01089.x
da Silva Neto BC, do Nascimento ALB, Schiel N, Alves RRN, Souto A, Albuquerque UP (2017) Assessment of the hunting of mammals using local ecological knowledge: an example from the Brazilian semiarid region. Environment, Development and Sustainability 19:1795-1813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9827-2
da Silva VDPR (2004) On climate variability in Northeast of Brazil. Journal of Arid Environments 58:575-596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2003.12.002
Davis A, Wagner JR (2003) Who knows? On the importance of identifying “experts” when researching local ecological knowledge. Human ecology 31:463-489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025075923297
de Oliveira G, Araújo MB, Rangel TF, Alagador D, Diniz-Filho JAF (2012) Conserving the Brazilian semiarid (Caatinga) biome under climate change. Biodiversity and Conservation 21:2913-2926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0346-7
de Oliveira G, Diniz-Filho JAF (2011) Evaluating environmental and geometrical constraints on endemic vertebrates of the semiarid Caatinga (Brazil). Basic and applied ecology 12:664-673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2011.08.005
Diniz MF, Brito D (2015) Protected areas effectiveness in maintaining viable giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) populations in an agricultural frontier. Natureza & Conservação 13:145-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.08.001
Dore KM, Riley EP, Fuentes A (2017) Ethnoprimatology: A practical guide to research at the human-nonhuman interface. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316272466
Drew JA (2005) Use of traditional ecological knowledge in marine conservation. Conservation biology 19:1286-1293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00158.x
Drummond JA, Franco JLA, Ninis AB (2009) Brazilian federal conservation units: a historical overview of their creation and of their current status. Environment and History 15:463–491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3197/096734009X12532652872036
Estrada A (2006) Human and non-human primate co-existence in the Neotropics: a preliminary view of some agricultural practices as a complement for primate conservation. Ecological Environmental Anthropology 2:17-29.
Ferreira FS, Albuquerque UP, Coutinho HDM, Almeida WO, Alves RRN (2012) The trade in medicinal animals in Northeastern Brazil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012:1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/126938
Ferreira, JG, Pinto T, Fialho MS, Laroque PO (2016) Avaliação do risco de extinção de Alouatta ululata Elliot, 1912 no Brasil, Ministério do Meio Ambiente. [http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/faunabrasileira/estado-de-conservacao/7188-mamiferos-alouatta-ululata-guariba] Accessed 22 June 2016.
Freitas CHD, Setz EZ, Araújo AR, Gobbi N (2008) Agricultural crops in the diet of bearded capuchin monkeys, Cebus libidinosus Spix (Primates: Cebidae), in forest fragments in southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25:32-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752008000100006
Fuentes A (2006) Human–nonhuman primate interconnections and their relevance to anthropology. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 2:1-11.
Fuentes A, Cortez AD, Peterson JV (2016) Ethnoprimatology and Conservation: Applying Insights and Developing Practice. In: Waller MT (ed.) Ethnoprimatology: Primate conservation in the 21st Century. Springer International Publishing, Bend, pp. 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_1
Fuentes A, Hockings KJ (2010) The ethnoprimatological approach in primatology. American Journal of Primatology 72:841-847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20844
Gadgil M, Berkes F, Folke C. (1993). Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation. Ambio 22:151-156.
Gilchrist G, Mallory M, Merkel F (2005) Can local ecological knowledge contribute to wildlife management? Case studies of migratory birds. Ecology and Society 10:20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01275-100120
Goldani LZ (2017) Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil, 2017. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 21:123-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02.004
Gomes AAN, Andrade Júnior AS, Medeiros RM (2005) Evapotranspiração de referência mensal para o Estado do Piauí. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 9:560–564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662005000400019
Gray TN, Phommachak A, Vannachomchan K, Guegan F (2017) Using local ecological knowledge to monitor threatened Mekong megafauna in Lao PDR. Plos One, 12(8), e0183247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183247
Gregorin R (2006) Taxonomia e variação geográfica das espécies do gênero Alouatta Lacépède (Primates, Atelidae) no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23:64-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752006000100005
Guedes PG, Borges-Nojosa DM, Silva JAG, Salles LO (2000) Novos registros de Alouatta no estado do ceará (Primates, atelidae). Neotropical Primates 8:29-30.
Gutiérrez E, Marinho-Filho J (2017) The mammalian faunas endemic to the Cerrado and the Caatinga. ZooKeys 644:105–157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10827
Haenn N, Schmook B, Reyes Y M, Calmé S (2014) A cultural consensus regarding the king vulture?: preliminary findings and their application to Mexican conservation. Ethnobiology and Conservation 3:1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2014-1-3.1-1-15
Hill CM (2000) Conflict of interest between people and baboons: Crop raiding in Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 21:299-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005481605637
Hill CM (2002) Primate conservation and local communities - ethical issues and debates. American Anthropologist 104:1184-1194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.4.1184
Hill CM, Webber AD (2010) Perceptions of nonhuman primates in human-wildlife conflict scenarios. American Journal of Primatology 72:919-924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20845
Hockings KJ, Sousa C (2013) Human-chimpanzee sympatry and interactions in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau: current research and future directions. Primate Conservation 26:57-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1896/052.026.0104
Hoffman JP (2004) Social and environmental influences on endangered species: a cross-national study. Sociological Perspectives 47:79-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2004.47.1.79
Horwich RH (1998) Effective solutions for howler conservation. International Journal of Primatology 19:579–598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020368624122
Huntington HP (2000) Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: methods and applications. Ecological applications 10:1270-1274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1270:UTEKIS]2.0.CO;2
IBGE (2004) Vegetação. [http://mapas.ibge.gov.br/tematicos/vegetacao.html.] Accessed 17 April 2017.
Kim EJA, Asghar A, Jordan S (2017) A Critical Review of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Science Education. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, (just-accepted). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14926156.2017.1380866
Leal IR, Silva JMC, Tabarelli M, Lacher TE (2005) Changing the course of biodiversity conservation in the caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Conservation Biology 19:701-706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00703.x
Lessa I, Guimarães TCS, de Godoy Bergallo H, Cunha A, Vieira EM (2016). Domestic dogs in protected areas: a threat to Brazilian mammals?. Natureza & Conservação, 14:46-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.05.001
Liebsch D, Mikich SB (2015) First record of Eucalyptus spp. bark-stripping by brown- capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus, PRIMATES: CEBIDAE). Ciência Florestal 25:501–505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509818469
López-Arévalo HF, Gallina S, Landgrave R, Martínez-Meyer E, Muñoz-Villers LE (2011) Local knowledge and species distribution models’ contribution towards mammalian conservation. Biological Conservation 144:1451-1463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.01.014
Lunney D, Curtin A, Ayers D, Cogger HG, Dickman CR (1995) An ecological approach to identifying the endangered fauna of New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 2:212-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/PC960212
Madden F (2004) Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: global perspectives on local efforts to address human–wildlife conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9:247-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490505675
Madden F, McQuinn B (2014) Conservation’s blind spot: the case for conflict transformation in wildlife conservation. Biological Conservation 178:97-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.07.015
Martinez-Levasseur LM, Furgal CM, Hammill MO, Burness G (2017) Challenges and strategies when mapping local ecological knowledge in the Canadian Arctic: the importance of defining the geographic limits of participants’ common areas of observations. Polar Biology 40:1501-1513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-2071-2
McDonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman RTT (2008) The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 141:1695-1703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.025
McPherson J, Sammy J, Sheppard D, Mason J, Brichieri-Colombi T, Moehrenschlager A (2016) Integrating traditional knowledge when it appears to conflict with conservation: lessons from the discovery and protection of sitatunga in Ghana. Ecology and Society 21: 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08089-210124
MMA (2016) Sistema Nacional de Unidades Conservação - SNUC. [http://www.mma.gov.br/areas-protegidas/sistema-nacional-de-ucs-snuc.] Accessed 22 April 2017.
MMA (2017) Dados Georreferenciados. [http://www.mma.gov.br/areas-protegidas/cadastro-nacional-de-ucs/dados-georreferenciados.] Accessed 22 April 2017.
Moller H, Berkes F, Lyver POB, Kislalioglu M (2004) Combining science and traditional ecological knowledge: monitoring populations for co-management. Ecology and Society 9: 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00675-090302
Moro MF, Lughadha EN, Araújo FS, Martins FR (2016) A Phytogeographical metaanalysis of the semiarid Caatinga domain in Brazil. Botanical Review 82: 91-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-016-9164-z
Moura ACA (2007) Primate group size and abundance in the Caatinga dry forest, northeastern Brazil. International Journal of Primatology 28(6), 1279–1297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-007-9223-8
Newton P, Van Thai N, Roberton S, Bell D (2008) Pangolins in peril: using local hunters’ knowledge to conserve elusive species in Vietnam. Endangered Species Research 6:41-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00127
Oliveira MM, Ferreira JG, Mota GLS, Soares SG (2007) Mapeamento das áreas de ocorrência de Alouatta ululata-Etapa Ceará. In: Bicca-Marques, JC (ed.), A Primatologia do Brasil. Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Porto Alegre, pp. 151– 161.
Oliveira MM, Kierulff, MCM (2008) Alouatta ululata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T918A13094890. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T918A13094890.en.] Accessed 24 May 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T918A13094890.en
Olsson P, Folke C (2001) Local ecological knowledge and institutional dynamics for ecosystem management: a study of Lake Racken watershed, Sweden. Ecosystems 4:85-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000061
Pandey DN (2003) Cultural resources for conservation science. Conservation Biology 17:633-635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01578.x
Pilgrim SE, Cullen LC, Smith DJ, Pretty J (2008) Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries. Environmental Science & Technology 42:1004-1009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es070837v
Pinto T, Roberto IJ (2011) Conservation of the caatinga howler monkey, Brazil. Final report. [http://www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org/media/2014/11/080209_Brazil_FinalReport_Howler-Monkey.pdf.] Accessed 24 May 2017.
QGIS Development Team (2016). QGIS training manual. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. [http://docs.qgis.org/2.14/en/docs/training_manual/index.html.] Accessed 29 May 2016.
Riedlinger D, Berkes F (2001) Contributions of traditional knowledge to understanding climate change in the Canadian Arctic. Polar Record 37:315-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400017058
Riley EP (2006) Ethnoprimatology: toward reconciliation of biological and cultural anthropology. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 2:75-86.
Rocha VJ (2000) Macaco-Prego, como controlar esta nova praga florestal?. Floresta 30:95–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v30i12.2329
Rocha LC, Sobroza TV, Campos ACA, Marafiga A, Fortes VB (2014) Percepções e atitudes de moradores rurais em relação ao macaco-prego, Sapajus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809), na área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica Dona Francisca: contexto local e perspectivas para a solução dos conflitos. In: Passos FC, Miranda JMD (eds.), A Primatologia no Brasil. Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Curitiba, pp. 137-151.
Rondinini C, Wilson, KA, Boitani L, Grantham H, Possingham HP (2006) Tradeoffs of different types of species occurrence data for use in systematic conservation planning. Ecology letters 9:1136-1145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00970.x
Sekulic R (1982a) Daily and seasonal patterns of roaring and spacing in four red howler Alouatta seniculus trops. Folia Primatologica 39:22-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000156067
Sekulic R (1982b) The function of howling in red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Behaviour 81:38-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853982X00517
Setchell JM, Fairet E, Shutt K, Waters S, Bell S (2017) Biosocial conservation: Integrating biological and ethnographic methods to study human–primate interactions. International Journal of Primatology 38:401-426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9938-5
Seto KC, Güneralp B, Hutyra LR (2012) Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:16083–16088. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211658109
Silva AL (2008) Animais medicinais: conhecimento e uso entre as populações ribeirinhas do rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 3:343-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1981-81222008000300005
Silvano RAM, Silva AL, Ceroni M, Begossi A (2008) Contributions of ethnobiology to the conservation of tropical rivers and streams. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:241-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.825
Souto WMS, Mourão JS, Barboza RRD, Mendonça LET, Lucena RFP, Confessor MVA, Vieira WLS, Montenegro PFGP, Alves RRN (2011) Medicinal animals used in ethnoveterinary practices of the “Cariri Paraibano”, NE Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 7:1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-30
Souza MJN, Oliveira VPV (2006) Os enclaves úmidos e sub-úmidos do semi-árido do nordeste brasileiro. Mercator 5:85-102.
Stafford CA, Alarcon-Valenzuela J, Patiño J, Preziosi RF, Sellers WI (2016) Know your monkey: identifying primate conservation challenges in an indigenous Kichwa community using an ethnoprimatological approach. Folia Primatologica 87:31–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000444414
Starr C, Nekaris KAI, Streicher U, Leung LKP (2011) Field surveys of the Vulnerable pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus using local knowledge in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. Oryx 45:135-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001316
Strum SC (1994) Prospects for management of primate pests. Revue d Ecologie (Terre Vie) 49:295-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/revec.1994.2479
Tabarelli M, Santos AMM (2004) Uma breve descrição sobre a história natural dos Brejos nordestinos. In: Pôrto KC, Cabral JJP, Tabarelli M (eds.) Brejos de altitude em Pernambuco e Paraíba: história natural, ecologia e conservação. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia, pp. 17–24.
Torres Junior EU, Valença-Montenegro MM, Castro CSS (2016) Local ecological knowledge about endangered primates in a rural community in Paraíba, Brazil. Folia Primatologica 87:262-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000452406
University of Wisconsin-Madison (2017) Yellow fever killing thousands of monkeys in Brazil. Science Daily. [www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170322155611.htm.] Accessed 21 April 2017.
Vaughan N, Lucas E, Harris S, White PL (2003) Habitat associations of European hares Lepus europaeus in England and Wales: implications for farmland management. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:163-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00784.x
Veiga GV, Cunha AS, Sichieri R (2004) Trends in overweight among adolescents living in the poorest and richest regions of Brazil. American Journal of Public Health 94:1544-1548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1544
Viana MC, Bonvicino CR, Ferreira JG, Jerusalinsky L, Langguth A, Seuánez H (2015) Understanding the relationship between Alouatta ululata and Alouatta belzebul (Primates: Atelidae) based on cytogenetics and molecular phylogeny. Oecologia Australis 19:173–182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2015.1901.11
Walters BB, Rönnbäck P, Kovacs JM, Crona B, Hussain SA, Badola R, Primavera JH, Barbier E, Dahdouh-Guebas F (2008) Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: a review. Aquatic Botany 89:220-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.02.009
Whitehead JM (1989) The effect of the location of a simulated intruder on responses to long-distance vocalizations of mantled howling monkeys, Alouatta palliata palliata. Behaviour 108:73-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853989X00060
Wittmer H, Rauschmayer F, Klauer B (2006) How to select instruments for the resolution of environmental conflicts?. Land use policy 23:1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.09.003
Woodroffe R, Thirgood S, Rabinowitz A (2005) People and wildlife, conflict or coexistence?. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614774
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
