Espécies de valor biocultural para a restauração florestal na região da Amazônia maranhense, Brasil
Visualizações: 1179DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2023-02-12.03-1-15Palavras-chave:
Biocultural restoration, Associated Traditional Knowledge, Cultural key species, LULCResumo
Amazon deforestation damages nature, people, and their closer biocultural relationship, eroding fundamental elements for its reproduction. The recognition and use of traditional knowledge to plan and implement restoration efforts are essential to its success. This study identified forest tree species of biocultural value for indigenous communities, quilombolas, and settled farmers in Maranhão state, eastern Brazilian Amazon. Semi-structured interviews, informal conversations, Free Lists, and guided walks were carried out in three different landscapes to identify species with ecological importance and/or use-value according to local communities’ perceptions. Eight categories of species use were defined (food, woody, medicinal, income, cultural, hunting, honey, and energy); and the Smith Salience Index (S) was utilized to identify species with higher importance. A total of 58 native trees (S > 0.1) were listed as biocultural species, five of which were cited for ecological importance only, without a use-value associated. The highest number of species with cultural salience (S > 0.1) was reported in the indigenous group (47), followed by settlers (11) and quilombolas (9). Among the indigenous, we identified a higher number of uses for the same species, and a remarkable spiritual relationship with plants from their cosmological vision. The reproduction of biocultural values in societies needs to receive more attention in the restoration science and praxis. The identification of species of biocultural value can serve as an important ally for the assertive design of conservation and restoration initiatives.
Downloads
Referências
Albuquerque UP, Cunha LVFC, Lucena RFP, Alves RRN (2014). Methods and techniques in Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology. Springer Protocols Handbooks, New York DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8636-7
Allen AE, Santana-Michel FJ, Arrona CO, Zedler JB (2010). Integrating Ecological and Ethnobotanical Priorities into Riparian Restoration. Ecological Restoration 28: 377-388 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/er.28.3.377
Almeida GMA, Ramos MA, Araújo EL, Baldauf C, Albuquerque UP (2016). Human perceptions of landscape change: The case of a monodominant forest of Attalea speciosa Mart ex. Spreng (Northeast Brazil). Ambio 45:458-467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0761-6
Almeida AS, Vieira ICG (2010). Centro de endemismo Belém: status da vegetação remanescente e desafios para a conservação da biodiversidade e restauração ecológica. Revista de Estudos Universitários 36: 95-111.
Amaral DD, Vieira ICG, Almeida SS, Salomão RP, Silva ASL, Jardim MAG (2009). Checklist da flora arbórea de remanescentes florestais da região metropolitana de Belém e valor histórico dos fragmentos, Pará, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais 4: 231-289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v4i3.651
Anjos LHC, Franzmeier DP, Schulze DG (1995). Formation of soils with plinthite on a toposequence in Maranhão state, Brazil. Geoderma 64: 257–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(94)00022-3
APG IV (2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
Ayarza M, Huber-Sannwald E, Herrick JE, Reynolds JF, García-Barrios L, Welchez LA, et al. (2010). Changing human–ecological relationships and drivers using the Quesungual agroforestry system in western Honduras. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25: 219–227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170510000074
Balée WL (2013). Cultural forests of the Amazon: a historical ecology of people and their landscapes. The University of Alabama Press. Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Barthel S, Crumley CL, Svedin U (2013). Biocultural Refugia: Combating the Erosion of Diversity in Landscapes of Food Production. Ecology and Society 18: 71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06207-180471
Berto, Flávia de Freitas; Cardoso, Guilherme Ramos; Guajá, Hajkaramykỹa Awa; Guajá, Ytatxῖ; Guajá, Manatxika; Guajá, Tatuxa'a Awa (2019). Guajá - Kamixatuhujaxa’amỹ jawajaxa’amỹ hajkaminũ ta xi haraka - O finado dono do jabuti queria transar com o finado dono do jaguar. Revista Linguística 15: 131-174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2019.v15n1a25565
BirdLife International (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gurupi. [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/22228] Accessed 20 may 2020
Borgatti SP (1992) Anthropac 4.0. Columbia: Analytic Technologies
Bortolamiol S; Krief S; Chapman CA; Kagoro W; Seguya A; Cohen M (2018). Wild life and spiritual knowledge at the edge of protected areas: raising an other voice in conservation. Ethnobiology and Conservation doi:10.15451/ec2018-08-7.12-1-26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2018-09-7.12-1-26
Brancalion PHS, Bello C, Chazdon RL, Galetti M, Jordano P, Lima RAF, Medina A, Pizo MA, Reid JL (2018). Maximizing biodiversity conservation and carbon stocking in restored tropical forests. Conservation Letters doi: 10.1111/conl.12454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12454
Brazil - Brazilian Federal Government (2012). Federal Law n.12,651, from 25 May 2012. [https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12651.htm] Accessed 27 August 2020.
Brazil - Brazilian Federal Government (1982). Federal Decree n.87,843, from 22 November 1982. [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/L9883.htm] Accessed 20 June 2019.
Brazil - Brazilian Federal Government (1988). Federal Decree n.95,614, from 11 January 1988. [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1980-1989/D95614.htm] Accessed 20 June 2019.
Brito CMS, Rego MMC (2001). Community of male Euglossini bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a secondary forest, Alcântara, MA, Brazil. Brazilian Journal Biology 61: 631–638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842001000400012
Buss G, Fialho MS, Jerusalinsky L, Azevedo RB, Alves SL, Vidal MD, Mendonça EN (2017). Abundância e densidade de primatas na Reserva Biológica do Gurupi, Maranhão, Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira 7: 47-57
Celentano D, Rousseau GX, Engel VL, Façanha CL, Oliveira EM, Moura EG (2014) Perceptions of environmental change and use of traditional knowledge to plan riparian forest restoration with relocated communities in Alcântara, Eastern Amazon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10:11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-11
Celentano D, Rousseau GX, Muniz FH, Varga ID, Martinez C, Carneiro MS, Miranda MVC, Barros MNR, Freitas L, Narvaes IS, Adami M, Gomes AR, Rodrigues JC, Martins MM (2017) Towards zero deforestation and forest restoration in the Amazon region of Maranhão state, Brazil. Land Use Policy 68: 692-698 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.041
Celentano D, Miranda, MVC, Mendonça EM, Rousseau GX, Muniz FH, Loch, VC, Varga ID, Freitas L, Araujo P, Narvaes IS, Adami M, Gomes, AR, Rodrigues JC, Kahwage C, Pinheiro M, Martins MB (2018). Desmatamento, degradação e violência no "Mosaico Gurupi" - A região mais ameaçada da Amazônia. Estudos avançados doi: 10.5935/0103-4014.20180021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-4014.20180021
Chan KMA, Guerry AD, Balvanera P, Klain S, Satterfield T. et al. (2012) Where are Cultural and Social in Ecosystem Services? A Framework for Constructive Engagement. BioScience 62: 744-756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.8.7
Chazdon RL (2008). Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science, 320: 1458-1460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155365
Cormier LA (2000) The ethnoprimatology of the Guaja Indians of Maranhao, Brazil. Tulane University, New Orleans
Crouzeilles R, Ferreira MS, Chazdon RL, Lindenmayer DB, Sansevero JB, Monteiro L, et al. (2017). Ecological restoration success is higher for natural regeneration than for active restoration in tropical forests. Science Advances doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1701345 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701345
Cuerrier A, Turner NJ, Gomes TC, Garibaldi A, Downing A (2015) Cultural Keystone Places: Conservation and Restoration in Cultural Landscapes. Journal of Ethnobiology 35: 427-488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-35.3.427
Dessein J, Soini K, Fairclough G, Horlings L (2015). Culture in, for and as Sustainable Development - Conclusions from the COST Action IS1007 Investigating Cultural Sustainability. University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Díaz S, Pascual U, Stenseke M, Martín-López B, Watson RT, Molnár Z, et al. (2018). Assessing nature’s contributions to people. Science 359: 270–272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8826
Escobar A (2011) Encountering development: the making and unmaking of the third world. Princeton University Press, Princeton DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400839926
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019) Indigenous peoples in the world. [http://www.fao.org/indigenous-peoples/en/] Accessed 1 August 2019
Farias Filho MS, Macedo LTS, Santos AL, Campos AAC (2019). Processos erosivos urbanos e a qualidade dos corpos hídricos em Buriticupu, Maranhão. Revista Geografia em Atos 02: 44-56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35416/geoatos.v2i9.6344
Ferreira I (2017). Entre violações e mortes, maior trem do mundo circula do Pará ao Maranhão. [https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2017/06/09/entre-violacoes-e-mortes-maior-trem-do-mundo-circula-do-para-ao-maranhao] Accessed 14 January 2020
Flora of Brazil 2020 in construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro [cited 2018 Oct 22]. [http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/]
Garcia UF (2018). Crônicas de caça e criação. Hedra, São Paulo
Garcia U (2012). Ka’á watá, “andar na floresta”: caça e território em um grupo tupi da Amazônia. Mediações 17: 172-190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/2176-6665.2012v17n1p172
Garibaldi A, Turner N (2004) Cultural Keystone Species: Implications for Ecological Conservation and Restoration. Ecology and Society, v.9:1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00669-090301
Garibaldi A (2009) Moving From Model to Application: Cultural Keystone Species and Reclamation in Fort McKay, Alberta. Journal of Ethnobiology 29:323-338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-29.2.323
Gavin MC, McCarter J, Mead A, Berkes F, Stepp JR, Peterson D, Tang R (2015). Defining biocultural approaches to conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30: 140–145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.12.005
Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK (2010). Estimating species richness. In Magurran AE, McGill BJ (eds.) Biological diversity: frontiers in measurement and assessment. Oxford University, p.39-54
Holl KD, Ayde TM (2011). When and where to actively restore ecosystems? Forest Ecology and Management 261:1558-1563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.004
Humphreys AM, Govaerts R, Ficinski SZ, Lughadha EN, Vorontsova MS (2019) Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043–1047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2
Incra – Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (2020). Projetos de Reforma Agrária conforme fases de implementação. [http://www.incra.gov.br/sites/default/files/uploads/reforma-agraria/questao-agraria/reforma-agraria/projetos_criados-geral.pdf] Accessed 7 May 2020
JFMA - Justiça Federal no Maranhão (BR) (2020). Decisão nº 229000880 na Ação Popular nº 1016857-96.2020.4.01.3700 [https://www.conjur.com.br/dl/uniao-nao-planejar-deslocamento.pdf.] Accessed 10 July 2020
Lawrence D, Radel C, Tully K, Schmook B, Schneider L (2010). Untangling a Decline in Tropical Forest Resilience: Constraints on the Sustainability of Shifting Cultivation Across the Globe. Biotropica 42:21–30 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00599.x
Lyver PO, Akins A, Phipps H, Kahui V, Towns DR, Moller H (2015). Key biocultural values to guide restoration action and planning in New Zealand. Restoration Ecology 24:314–323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12318
Lyver POB, Timoti P, Davis T, Tylianakis JM (2019). Biocultural Hysteresis Inhibits Adaptation to Environmental Change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34: 771-780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.002
Maezumi SY, Alves D, Robinson M, Souza JG, Levis C, Barnett RL, Oliveira EA, Urrego D, Schaan D, Iriarte J (2018) The legacy of 4,500 years of polyculture agroforestry in the eastern Amazon. Nature plants 4: 540-547 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0205-y
MapBiomas. 2020. Projeto Mapbiomas - coleção 5. [https://mapbiomas.org]
Martinelli G, Moraes MQ (2013). Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Andrea Jakobsson: Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro
Martins MB, Oliveira TG (2011). Amazônia maranhense: diversidade e conservação. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém
Martin MP, Woodbury DJ, Doroski DA, Nagele E, Storace M, Cook-Paton SC, Pasternack R, Ashton M (2021). People plant trees for utility more often than for biodiversity or carbon. Biological Conservation doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109224
MEA - Millennium Ecosystem Assesment (2005). Ecosystems and humans well-being. A framework for assessment. Whashington: Islands Press
Moura, W. C.; Fukuda JC, Lisboa EA, Gomes BN, Oliveira SL, Santos MP, Carvalho AS, Martins MB (2011). A Reserva Biológica do Gurupi como instrumento de conservação da natureza na Amazônia Oriental. In: Martins MB, Oliveira TG (eds.) Amazônia Maranhense: Diversidade e Conservação. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, pp. 25-32
Politis GG, Angrizani RC, Hernando A, Ruibal AG, Coelho EB (2013). Quarenta e oito saídas: etno-arqueologia das saídas diárias de forrageio dos Awa. In: Hernando A, Coelho EMB (eds.) Estudos Sobre os Awá: Caçadores-Coletores em Transição. Edufma, São Luís, pp. 155-186
Printsmann A, Pikner T (2019). The Role of Culture in the Self-Organisation of Coastal Fishers Sustaining Coastal Landscapes: A Case Study in Estonia. Sustainability doi:10.3390/su11143951 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143951
Poole A.K. (2018) The UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Biocultural Heritage Lacuna: Where Is Goal Number 18? In: Rozzi R. et al. (eds) From Biocultural Homogenization to Biocultural Conservation. Ecology and Ethics, vol 3. Springer, Cham. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99513-7_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99513-7_20
QGIS Development Team (2020). QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. [http://qgis.osgeo.org]
Quinlan M (2005) Considerations for collectiong freelists in the field: examples from ethnobotany. Field Methods 17: 219-234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05277460
Sahlin M (1976). Culture and Practical Reason. University of Chicago, Chicago.
Schmidt MVC, Ikpeng YU, Kayabi T, Sanches RA, Ono KY, Adams C (2021). Indigenous Knowledge and Forest Succession Management in the Brazilian Amazon: Contributions to Reforestation of Degraded Areas. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2021.605925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.605925
Silva JM, Rylands AB, Fonseca GAB (2005). O destino das áreas de endemismo na Amazônia. Megadiversidade. 1: 124-131
Silva Junior CHL, Celentano D, Rousseau G, Moura EG, Varga ID, Martinez C, Martins M (2020). Amazon forest on the edge of collapse in the Maranhão State, Brazil. Land Use Policy doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104806
SERI - Society for Ecological Restoration International (2004). The Primer on ecological restoration. [http://www.ser.org] Accessed on 30 November 2018
Smith JJ, Borgatti SP (1997). Salience counts and so does accuracy: Correcting and updating a measure for free-list-item salience. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7: 208-209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1997.7.2.208
Souza CM, Shimbo JZ, Rosa MR, Parente LL et. al. (2020). Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine. Remote Sensing doi: 10.3390/rs12172735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172735
Souza VC, Lorenzi H (2012). Botânica sistemática: guia ilustrado para identificação das plantas nativas e exóticas do Brasil, baseado em APG III. Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa
Steege H, Pitman NCA, Killeen TJ, Laurance Wf, Peres CA et al. (2015) Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species. Science Advances doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1500936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500936
Survival International (2019). Novo vídeo de indígenas isolados em terra cercada por madeireiros. [https://www.survivalbrasil.org/ultimas-noticias/12172]. Accessed 5 May 2019
Survival International (2020). UN plan to protect 30 percent of the planet by 2030 could displace hundreds of millions, NGOs and experts warn. [https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/12455] Accessed 7 January 2020
Toledo V, Barrera-Bassols N (2008). La memoria biocultural: La importancia ecológica de las sabidurías tradicionales. Icaria, Barcelona, Spain
Tropicos (2019) Missouri Botanical Garden. [http://www.tropicos.org.] Accessed 16 January 2019
UN – United Nations (2016). Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (21st sess.: 2015: Paris). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its 21st session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015: addendum. Geneva: UN, 29 Jan. 2016.
UN – United Nations (2019). General Assembly - Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 1 March 2019. Seventy-third session. 69th plenary meeting 1 March 2019 https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/73/284
Viveiros de Castro E (1996). Os pronomes cosmológicos e o perspectivismo ameríndio. Mana doi: 10.1590/S0104-93131996000200005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-93131996000200005
Zelarayán MLC, Celentano D, Oliveira EC, Triana SP, Sodré DN, Muchavisoy KHM, Rousseau GX (2015) Impacto da degradação sobre o estoque total de carbono de florestas ripárias na Amazônia Oriental, Brasil. Acta Amazonica 45: 271 – 282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201500432
Zent S (2009) Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and biocultural diversity: a close-up look at linkages, delearning trends, and changing patterns of transmission. In: Bates P, Chiba M, Kube S, Nakashima D (eds) Learning and knowing in indigenous societies today. UNESCO, Paris, pp 39–58
Downloads
- PDF (English) 1422
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Vivian do Carmo Loch, Danielle Celentano, Raysa Valeria Carvalho Saraiva, Swanni T. Alvarado, Flávia de Freitas Berto , Raymony Tayllon Serra, João Castro Barroso, Tatuxa'a Awa Guajá, Guillaume Xavier Rousseau
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Declaração de direito autoral de teste.
